Determining and utilizing contextual meaning of digital standardized image characters

ABSTRACT

One or more embodiments of the disclosure include a character management system that determines and utilizes contextual meaning with regard to standardized image characters. In particular, the character management system determines contextual meaning with regard to standardized characters based on the manner in which the standardized characters are utilized in a repository of electronic documents. Moreover, the character management system can utilize the contextual meaning to search, recommend, analyze, and translate with regard to the use of standardized image characters.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/956,148, filed on Dec. 1, 2015. The aforementioned application ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

One or more embodiments relate to digital standardized image characters.More specifically, one or more embodiments of the present inventionrelate to systems and methods for identifying and utilizing contextualmeaning of digital standardized image characters in computing systems.

2. Background and Relevant Art

The rising prevalence of computing devices has changed the way thatindividuals and businesses communicate and interact. In fact, thepopularity of computing devices has fundamentally changed the actuallanguage of communication. For example, as a result of the increased useof instant messaging and texting, terms such as “lol” and “bff” havebecome commonplace in the English lexicon. Similarly, the “#” symbol hastransformed itself from a character generally meaning “number” or“pound” into the ubiquitous “hashtag,” now commonly utilized to flagelectronic content, such as social media posts.

Likewise, largely as a result of the increased use of computing devices,individuals now commonly utilize digital standardized image characters(e.g., emoji) to express themselves in electronic communications.Indeed, smiley faces, hearts, thumbs-up, and other standardized imagecharacters now commonly replace words in many electronic documents, suchas social media posts, e-mails, texts, tags, comments, or instantmessages. In fact, it is now common to combine both a “hashtag” anddigital standardized image characters (e.g., emoji) to tag electronicdocuments (e.g., #whathasthisworldcometo

).

Despite the increasing prevalence of standardized image characters, veryfew systems provide a means of incorporating or analyzing standardizedimage characters into computing systems. For instance, most commoncomputing systems do little more than provide, send, and receivestandardized image characters. Often, common computing systems providelittle support for standardized image characters because the use ofdigital standardized image characters introduces a number of problemsnot normally encountered with regard to manipulation and utilization ofother alphabetic or numerical characters.

For example, unlike words or numbers, standardized image characters(e.g., emoji) do not have well-defined meanings or usage rules (e.g.,spelling or grammar rules). Similarly, unlike traditional alphabetic ornumeric characters, familiarity with standardized image charactersvaries wildly amongst users. For example, some individuals have never(or very rarely) utilized standardized image characters, while otherindividuals utilize standardized image characters as frequently asalpha-numeric characters. Moreover, in light of the recent, rapid, andcontinuing evolution of standardized image characters, the meaning andusage of individual standardized image characters varies rapidly overtime and significantly amongst groups or populations.

In addition, standardized image characters are often expressed in termsof code that are much more difficult to identify than traditionalalpha-numeric symbols. Indeed, the syntax of a particular emoji maydiffer from platform to platform and code base to code base. Similarly,different emoji are expressed utilizing different numbers of code pointsand variant characters. Furthermore, in contrast to traditionalalpha-numeric characters, standardized image characters are constantlybeing added or revised over time.

Accordingly, there is much to be considered in terms of identifying andutilizing digital standardized image characters in computing systems.

SUMMARY

One or more embodiments described below provide benefits and/or solveone or more of the foregoing or other problems in the art with systemsand methods for identifying and utilizing digital standardized imagecharacters. In particular, one or more embodiments include systems andmethods that identify contextual meaning for standardized imagecharacters and utilize identified contextual meaning with regard tostandardized image characters to search within electronic documents.Similarly, in one or more embodiments, systems and methods utilizeidentified contextual meaning with regard to standardized imagecharacters to recommend standardized image characters to users, makingstandardized image characters easier to utilize, enter, and correctlyemploy.

For example, one or more embodiments include systems and methods thatidentify a plurality of standardized image characters from a repositoryof electronic documents. The systems and methods can identify acontextual meaning for the plurality of standardized image charactersbased on the manner in which the standardized image characters areutilized in the repository of electronic documents. Furthermore, in oneor more embodiments, systems and methods receive a search query from aclient device, and provide results of the search query to the clientdevice utilizing the identified contextual meaning for at least one ofthe plurality of standardized image characters.

By identifying contextual meaning of standardized image characters froma repository of electronic documents, the disclosed systems and methodscan identify a meaning to utilize in searching, recommending, analyzing,and otherwise utilizing standardized image characters. Indeed, thesystems and methods can transform standardized image characters intoterms that can be identified, searched, compared, analyzed, recommended,and modified.

Moreover, by periodically updating the repository of electronicdocuments, in one or more embodiments, the disclosed systems and methodsaccount for variations in meaning and usage of individual standardizedimage characters over time. Thus, for example, as users utilizestandardized image characters in new contexts, the systems and methodscan detect the new context from analyzing an updated repository ofelectronic documents and alter searches, recommendations, comparisons,etc. based on the new context.

Similarly, by maintaining a repository of electronic documents withregard to particular characteristics or factors (e.g., groupscorresponding to culture, region, language, etc.), the disclosed systemsand methods can identify a particularized contextual meaning of thestandardized image characters that is specific to particularpopulations. Thus, the systems and methods can tailor searches,recommendations, and utilization of standardized image characters basedon the unique contextual meaning of particular populations of users.

Moreover, the disclosed systems and methods can identify and providestandardized image characters across platforms and code bases, includingstandardized image characters that utilize various code points andvariant characters. In this manner, the systems and methods can identifystandardized image characters utilized in a variety of electronicdocuments from a variety of different sources (e.g., hashtags used inconjunction with standardized image characters provided from a varietyof devices utilizing different platforms).

Additional features and advantages of will be set forth in thedescription which follows, and in part will be obvious from thedescription, or may be learned by the practice of such exemplaryembodiments. The features and advantages of such embodiments may berealized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinationsparticularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and otherfeatures will become more fully apparent from the following descriptionand appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of such exemplaryembodiments as set forth hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and otheradvantages and features of the invention can be obtained, a moreparticular description of the invention briefly described above will berendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof that areillustrated in the appended drawings. It should be noted that thefigures are not drawn to scale, and that elements of similar structureor function are generally represented by like reference numerals forillustrative purposes throughout the figures. Understanding that thesedrawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are nottherefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the inventionwill be described and explained with additional specificity and detailthrough the use of the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates a representation of identifying a contextual meaningfrom a repository of electronic documents in accordance with one or moreembodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates a representation of a semantic map for identifying acontextual meaning in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 3A illustrates a representation of a computing device displaying auser interface for performing a search using standardized imagecharacters in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 3B illustrates a representation of the user interface of FIG. 3Adisplaying search results including standardized image characters inaccordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 3C illustrates a representation of the user interface of FIG. 3Adisplaying suggested search terms, including standardized imagecharacters, in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 4A illustrates a representation of a computing device displaying acommunication user interface including suggestions includingstandardized image characters in a communication in accordance with oneor more embodiments;

FIG. 4B illustrates a representation of the user interface of FIG. 4Aincluding suggestions for a corrected standardized image character inaccordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 5A illustrates a representation of a user interface for receivingcomments with regard to a digital content item in accordance with one ormore embodiments;

FIG. 5B illustrates a representation of a sentiment summary with regardto comments in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates a representation of a user interface for translatingwith regard to standardized image characters in accordance with one ormore embodiments;

FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of an electronic communicationsystem in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of a network environment in whichthe methods and systems disclosed herein may be implemented inaccordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of a method of facilitating anelectronic communication in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of a method of facilitating anelectronic communication in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computing device inaccordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 12 illustrates a network environment of a social-networking systemaccording one or more embodiments; and

FIG. 13 illustrates an example social graph of a social networkingsystem in accordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments of the present invention include a charactermanagement system that identifies and utilizes digital standardizedimage characters. In particular, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system identifies a contextual meaning of one ormore standardized image characters. Moreover, utilizing the contextualmeaning, the character management system can search, recommend, analyze,and utilize standardized image characters in various digitalapplications. In addition, the character management system can enableusers to more easily understand, identify, and communicate informationwith regard to standardized image characters.

For example, in one or more embodiments the character management systemidentifies a plurality of standardized image characters from arepository of electronic documents (e.g., electronic communications suchas social media posts). Moreover, the character management system canidentify a contextual meaning for the plurality of standardized imagecharacters based on the manner in which the standardized imagecharacters are utilized in the repository of electronic documents. Inone or more embodiments, the character management system receives asearch query from a client device and provides results of the searchquery to the client device utilizing the identified contextual meaningfor at least one of the plurality of standardized image characters.

By identifying a contextual meaning of standardized image charactersbased on usage, the character management system can utilize standardizedimage characters to provide greater functionality to users. For example,as just mentioned, the character management system can search forstandardized image characters based on contextual meanings. Similarly,the character management system can recommend standardized imagecharacters based on contextual meanings. In addition, the charactermanagement system can determine sentiment with regard to usage ofstandardized image characters. Moreover, the character management cananalyze, compare, translate, identify and provide standardized imagecharacters. In short, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system enables users to more easily, quickly, and intuitivelyutilize standardized image characters with regard to communication,searching, and other applications.

In one or more embodiments, the character management system identifiesand provides standardized image characters with regard to multipleplatforms and code bases. For instance, the character management systemcan identify and provide standardized image characters that utilizevarious code points and variant characters. Thus, the charactermanagement system can support (e.g., index and search) tags that containstandardized image characters from a variety of sources. In particular,in one or more embodiments, the character management system can parsehashtags containing standardized image characters using a regularexpression that accounts for character variations and programminglanguage differences.

Moreover, in one or more embodiments the character management systemdynamically updates upon detection of new standardized image characters.For instance, the character management system can identify standardizedimage characters from one or more updating character databases. Thecharacter management system can update a regular expression based onmodifications to an updating character database to identify newstandardized image characters as they develop.

As mentioned, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem identifies a contextual meaning of standardized image characters.In particular, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem accesses a document repository containing electronic documentsreflecting usage of standardized image characters. Moreover, thecharacter management identifies the usage of standardized imagecharacters in the document repository and utilizes natural languageprocessing to identify a contextual meaning. More specifically, in oneor more embodiments, the character management system utilizes a word tovector algorithm to generate a semantic map defining the contextualmeaning of one or more standardized image characters.

Upon identifying a contextual meaning, the character management systemcan utilize the contextual meaning in various searches. For example, thecharacter management system can enable a user to run a search forstandardized image characters based on contextual meaning. Similarly,the character management system can identify standardized imagecharacters in search results. More particularly, the charactermanagement system can receive a search query from a user (e.g., a searchquery for text, a standardized image character, or an image) andidentify search query results that include standardized imagecharacters.

Moreover, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemcan recommend standardized image characters. For instance, the charactermanagement system can recommend standardized image characters as searchterms in a search query based on other search terms provided by a user.Similarly, the character management system can recommend standardizedimage characters in an electronic communication based on other termsutilized in the electronic communication.

Furthermore, based on contextual meaning, in one or more embodiments,the character management system can suggest corrections (e.g.,auto-corrections) to standardized image characters. For instance, in oneor more embodiments, the character management system can identify astandardized image character in an electronic communication anddetermine that the manner in which the standardized image character isused conflicts with its contextual meaning. In response, the charactermanagement system can correct or suggest a correction for thestandardized image character. For instance, the character managementsystem can suggest a different standardized image character that bettercorresponds to the particular context and usage.

The character management system can also utilize contextual meaning ofstandardized image characters to identify user sentiment. For example,in one or more embodiments, the character management system can identifystandardized image characters utilized with regard to a product, brand,advertisement, celebrity, or individual. Moreover, the charactermanagement system can utilize contextual meaning of the identifiedstandardized image characters to identify user sentiment with regard tothe product or advertisement.

In addition, by identifying contextual meaning from a repository ofelectronic documents, the character management system can moreaccurately identify contextual meaning with regard to standardized imagecharacters. For instance, the character management system can providesearch results, recommendations, and analysis based on up-to-date usageof standardized image characters. Moreover, the character managementsystem can dynamically update the contextual meaning of standardizedimage characters as usage evolves, and incorporate new standardizedimage characters as they are created and utilized.

Furthermore, by controlling electronic documents with regard to arepository of electronic documents, the character management system canidentify a particularized contextual meaning specific to characteristicsor features of specific populations. For example, by generating arepository of electronic documents with regard to a particular language,culture, or region, the character management system can identify aparticularized contextual meaning of standardized image characters withregard to the particular language, culture, or region.

As used herein, the term “standardized image character” refers to adigital picture or pictorial symbol that is part of a standardized setof characters. For instance, the term “standardized image character”includes a digital image or icon used to express an idea or emotion anddefined by a standardized system for indexing characters acrossdifferent operating systems. For example, the term “standardized imagecharacter” includes digital image incorporated into the Unicode standardsystem. Moreover, the term “standardized image character” includes emojipicture characters incorporated into Unicode or some other standardizedsystem for indexing characters.

Although standardized image characters are part of a standardized set,it will be appreciated that standardized image characters may differ intheir digital coding and/or form of expression. For example, with regardto emoji expressed in Unicode, the appearance of emoji can differ acrossdevices, operating systems, etc. Similarly, different operating systemscan utilize different languages, characters, or encodings to identifythe standardized image character. Thus, for instance, a first operatingsystem can utilize a first image to portray a standardized imagecharacter utilizing a first coding language, whereas a second operatingsystem can utilize a second image to portray the same standardized imagecharacter utilizing a second coding language. Accordingly, astandardized image character can belong to a standardized set ofcharacters while varying in terms of expression and coding.

As used herein, the term “contextual meaning” refers to a meaninginferred based on usage. In particular, contextual meaning includes ameaning of a standardized image character inferred based on the contextof usage of the standardized image character. For example, contextualmeaning includes a meaning derived from the manner in which astandardized image character is used in an electronic document withregard to other characters. Similarly, contextual meaning includes ameaning of a standardized image character derived from utilizing naturallanguage processing with regard to a repository of electronic documentsthat contain the standardized image character. For example, contextualmeaning can include characters, keywords, emoji, etc., that areassociated with a standardized image character based on the context ofthe standardized image character's usage. In addition, contextualmeaning can indicate a dis-similarity or contradiction with other termsor characters. Moreover, contextual meanings can provide (or be derivedfrom) a semantic map defining the meaning of a standardized imagecharacter generated from a repository of electronic documents.

As used herein, the term “electronic document” refers to any form ofelectronic content, regardless of form. For example, an electronicdocument can include a word processing document, a .pdf, an image, ane-mail, a text, a chat, an instant message, a web page, a social mediapost, a comment, a tag (e.g., hashtag), a database, or any otherelectronic file or communication.

As used herein, the term “tag” refers to digital content that is anidentifier of other digital content. For instance, the term “tag”includes a type of label used on social network and/or microbloggingservices that enables identification and/or categorization of digitalcontent. For example, the term “tag” includes a hashtag, which is a hashcharacter (i.e., #) combined with one or more additional identifyingcharacters utilized to identify digital content utilized in conjunctionwith the hash character.

Turning now to FIG. 1, additional detail will be provided regardingidentifying a contextual meaning of a standardized image character. Inparticular, FIG. 1 illustrates a representation of identifying acontextual meaning for a plurality of standardized image characters froma repository of electronic documents.

More specifically, FIG. 1 illustrates a representation of a repository102 containing a plurality of electronic documents 104 a-104 n. Asshown, the plurality of electronic documents 104 a-104 n containstandardized image characters, including a first standardized imagecharacter 106 and a second standardized image character 108.

As mentioned previously, the electronic documents 104 a-104 n cancomprise any type of electronic documents. Indeed, although theelectronic documents 104 a-104 n are illustrated as pages (e.g., webpages or pages from a word processing document), the electronicdocuments 104 a-104 n can comprise any type of electronic documentsincluding, for example, e-mails, texts, instant messages, chatcommunications, social media posts, comments, annotations, spreadsheets,tags, or images.

Similarly, the repository 102 can comprise any compilation or collectionof electronic documents. For instance, the repository 102 can comprise asingle digital file containing text from a plurality of electronicdocuments. Alternatively or additionally, the repository 102 cancomprise a database of a plurality of electronic documents; one or moreservers or computer readable storage media storing a plurality ofelectronic documents; or an index of the contents of a plurality ofelectronic documents.

In one or more embodiments, the character management system generatesthe repository 102. For instance, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system gathers a plurality of electronic documentsand creates the repository 102. For example, the character managementsystem can gather social media posts, comments, and/or tags by aplurality of users and generate the repository 102 by compiling thegathered social media posts, comments, and/or tags into a file, server,storage medium, or other digital collection. Similarly, the charactermanagement system can gather a plurality of web pages and compile theplurality of web pages into a repository of web pages. Likewise, thecharacter management system can detect multiple types of electronicdocuments (e.g., texts, e-mails, and social media posts) and create arepository based on the types of electronic documents.

The character management system can generate the repository 102 based onone or more characteristics of a user or population. For example, thecharacter management system can generate the repository 102 based onlocation, language, gender, sex, ethnicity, age, and/or otherdemographic information. Similarly, the character management system cangenerate the repository 102 based on a device associated with one ormore users (e.g., mobile device, laptop, tablet, device brand, etc.), anapplication utilized by one or more users (e.g., a particular socialmedia application utilized by a user, a particular internet browserapplication utilized by a user), or an operating system utilized by oneor more users.

For instance, the character management system can generate therepository 102 such that it contains social media posts originating froma particular country or geographic region. Similarly, the charactermanagement system can generate the repository 102 such that it containselectronic documents from individuals of a certain age utilizing acertain client device. Likewise, the character management system cangenerate the repository 102 such that it contains web pages written in aparticular language. In this manner, the character management system cantailor the repository 102 (and subsequent contextual meanings gleanedfrom the repository 102) to characteristics of a particular populationand/or user.

The character management system can also generate the repository 102based on the contents of electronic documents. For instance, thecharacter management system can generate the repository 102 such thateach electronic document contains a particular standardized imagecharacter. Similarly, the character management system can generate therepository 102 based on a type of electronic document (e.g., limit therepository 102 to texts and social media posts, limit the repository 102to web pages, or limit the repository 102 to social media tags).Similarly, the character management system can generate the repository102 based on a size of an electronic document (e.g., only documentsbelow or above a certain size are included in the repository 102).

In addition, the character management system can generate the repository102 based on one or more time periods. For instance, the charactermanagement system can limit electronic documents in the repository 102to electronic documents created after a certain date. For example, thecharacter management system can limit the repository 102 to social mediaposts created within the past month (or day, week, or year). Similarly,the character management system can populate the repository 102 withelectronic documents that correspond to a time period of a certain event(e.g., within one week of an election, sporting event, or otheridentified event).

Upon generating the repository 102, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system identifies one or more standardized imagecharacters. For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the charactermanagement system identifies the first standardized image character 106and the second standardized image character 108 contained withinelectronic documents 104 d and 104 n, respectively. The charactermanagement system can identify any type or kind of standardized imagecharacter, including, for example, emoji represented by Unicode codepoints.

Moreover, as discussed in greater detail below, the character managementsystem can identify standardized image characters generated acrossdifferent platforms, utilizing different code bases, reflectingdifferent numbers of code points, including any variety of variant oroptional characters, utilizing different encoding structures, orutilizing different syntaxes. Thus, for example, the charactermanagement system can parse the repository 102 (and the electronicdocuments 104 a-104 n) and identify (e.g., index, gather, or flag)standardized image characters from different platforms (e.g., iOS,Android, or Windows), code bases (e.g., Python or Java), encodings(e.g., UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32), or optional characters (e.g., skintone options, width joiner characters, or variant selector characters).

In addition, the character management system can identify standardizedimage characters utilized in conjunction with other characters (e.g.,numbers, text, or other characters). For example, FIG. 1 illustratesthat the character management system identifies the second standardizedimage character 108 as part of a tag (i.e., hashtag) containingadditional text. Thus, the character management system can identifystandardized image characters in isolation or in conjunction withsurrounding characters.

Similarly, the character management system can identify any number orcombination of standardized image characters. For instance, thecharacter management system can identify multiple standardized imagecharacters utilized in sequence (e.g., #

). Similarly, the character management system can identify multiplestandardized image characters utilized in conjunction with othercharacters (e.g., #hahaha

). The character management system can also identify the context (i.e.,surrounding characters and usage) with regard to standardized imagecharacters.

As mentioned previously, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system utilizes one or more natural language processingalgorithms to identify contextual meaning with regard to one or morestandardized image characters. Specifically, as illustrated with regardto the embodiment of FIG. 1, the character management system utilizes aword to vector algorithm 110. In particular, the character managementsystem provides the electronic documents 104 a-104 n reflected in therepository 102 as input to the word to vector algorithm 110. Moreover,the character management system (via the word to vector algorithm 110)reviews the text of the electronic documents 104 a-104 n within therepository 102 and predicts the context around a particular word orstandardized image character. If the character management system (viathe word to vector algorithm 110) predicts the context incorrectly, thenit adjusts its operating parameters to produce a better prediction inthe next iteration. The character management system utilizes thistraining process to learn a contextual meaning with regard tostandardized image characters.

For instance, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem can utilize the word to vector algorithm 110 to generate arepresentational vector corresponding to each standardized imagecharacter within the repository 102. Moreover, the character managementsystem can utilize the word to vector algorithm 110 to generate asemantic map. Indeed, as illustrated, the character management systemgenerates a semantic map 120 utilizing the word to vector algorithm 110.

As used herein, the term “semantic map” refers to a metric space wheredistance in the metric space represents semantic similarity. Inparticular, the term “semantic map” includes a metric space with defineddistances where representations of semantic symbols (i.e., symbols withmeaning, such as words, standardized image characters, tags, otherdigital images, etc.) are embedded such that a smaller distance existsbetween similar symbols than between symbols that are less similar. Forexample, with regard to FIG. 1, the character management system embedsstandardized image characters into a 100-dimensional space of floatingpoint numbers.

More specifically, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem utilizes a Gensim topic modeling algorithm—a specificimplementation of a word to vector algorithm. In particular, in one ormore embodiments the character management system utilizes the Gensimtopic modeling algorithm to learn the floating point numbers of asemantic map. For instance, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system utilizes a skip-gram functionality of the Gensim topicmodeling algorithm to predict the context around standardized imagecharacters and to train the character management system to accuratelyidentify contextual meaning. In this manner, in one or more embodiments,the character management system learns contextual meaning from therepository 102 and generates the semantic map 120 (e.g., a100-dimensional representation for words and standardized imagecharacters).

Because the semantic map 120 identifies a contextual meaning ofstandardized image characters (i.e., based on distance in a metricspace), the character management system can utilize the semantic map 120to identify other words, standardized characters, tags, or other symbolswith similar meanings. In particular, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system can identify contextual meaning byidentifying semantic symbols in close proximity to standardized imagecharacters within a semantic map. For instance, the character managementsystem can utilize the semantic map 120 to determine that a standardizedimage character in the shape of a thumbs up has a contextual meaningcorresponding to the words “awesome,” “good,” “haha,” “great job,”“#keepitup,” and so forth (e.g., by determining that the thumbs upstandardized image character is in close proximity to semantic symbolssuch as “awesome” and “#keepitup” within the semantic map 120).

In addition to utilizing a semantic map, the character management systemcan also utilize vectorized representations to determine or refinecontextual meaning. For example, because the word to vector algorithmgenerates a vectorized representation with regard to contextual meaning,the character management system can identify a difference in contextualmeaning between two (or more) symbols utilizing vectorizedrepresentations.

For instance, utilizing vector algebraic operations, the charactermanagement system can identify distinguishing characteristics betweentwo standardized image characters. For example, the character managementsystem can identify the difference between a blue heart and a red heartutilizing the algebraic difference between the vector representation ofthe blue heart and the vector representation of the red heart. Forinstance, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemcan identify a difference in contextual meaning between a blue heart anda red heart by subtracting the vector representation of the blue heartand the vector representation of the red heart to produce a contextualmeaning of, for example, “duke,” “#bleedblue,” “#autismawarenessday,”and so forth.

Accordingly, with regard to standardized image characters with similarcontextual meanings, the character management system can identify a moreparticular contextual meaning. For instance, as just described, thecharacter management system can utilize algebraic operators to identifyparticular distinguishing characteristics of a standardized imagecharacter (e.g., by utilizing algebraic expressions with regard to thevector representation corresponding to the standardized imagecharacter).

Although the semantic map 120 is a 100-dimensional representation, thecharacter management system can generate or utilize semantic maps of anytype or variety. For example, FIG. 2 illustrates a representation of atwo-dimensional semantic map 200 in accordance with one or moreembodiments. In particular, the semantic map 200 illustrates a pluralityof standardized image characters 202 a-202 n distributed according totheir similarity across a metric space.

More particularly, the semantic map 200 illustrates a plurality ofstandardized image characters 202 a-202 n wherein the distance betweeneach standardized image character represents semantic similarity. Forexample, the semantic map 200 illustrates that a first time standardizedimage character 202 a and a second time standardized image character 202b are in close proximity on the semantic map 200 (i.e., because thestandardized image characters 202 a, 202 b have similar contextualmeaning). Similarly, a first sports standardized image character 202 cand a second sports standardized image character 202 d are in closeproximity on the semantic map 200. Conversely, a pumpkin standardizedimage character 202 n is relatively isolated from other standardizedimage characters within the semantic map 200.

Although the semantic map 200 of FIG. 2 includes representations of aplurality of standardized image characters, it will be appreciated thata semantic map can also include other characters (e.g., words, images,tags, numbers, a combination of standardized image characters andwords). For example, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system generates a semantic map that includes words,standardized image characters, tags (e.g., hashtags), images and/orother semantic symbols. In this manner, one or more embodiments of thecharacter management system can identify semantic similarity (ordifference) between standardized image characters and other words,images, tags, and standardized image characters.

Although FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 illustrate representations of semantic mapsthat define a contextual meaning of one or more standardized imagecharacters, it will be appreciated that the character management systemcan identify a contextual meaning utilizing other tools. For instance,rather than (or in addition to) producing a semantic map, the charactermanagement system can produce a database that identifies meanings ofstandardized image characters (e.g., a database of words or symbolsclosest in meaning to one or more standardized image characters).

Regardless of the particular means of identifying or storing contextualmeaning, upon identifying contextual meaning corresponding to one ormore standardized image characters, in one or more embodiments thecharacter management system can utilize the contextual meaning toidentify, search, define, recommend, or otherwise support standardizedimage characters within a computerized system. For example, FIGS. 3A-3Cillustrate searches involving one or more standardized image charactersin accordance with one or more embodiments of the character managementsystem.

In particular, FIG. 3A illustrates a computing device 300 with a displayscreen 302 displaying a user interface 304. The user interface 304 isoperable to display a variety of digital content with regard to aplurality of users of a social media system. In particular, as shown,the user interface 304 is configured to display a search bar 306, atarget content bar 308, a results display area 310, and a characterinput area 312 (among other elements).

The search bar 306 is operable to detect user interaction and receiveuser input of one or more characters. Moreover, the search bar 306 isconfigured to display one or more characters received via user input.For instance, a user can select one or more characters via userinteraction with the character input area 312 in conjunction withinteraction with the search bar 306, and the character management systemcan receive the selected one or more characters and display them via thesearch bar 306. For example, with regard to the search bar 306, as shownin FIG. 3A, the character management system has received user input of aheart standardized image character 314 and presented the heartstandardized image character 314 via the search bar 306.

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the user interface 304 also includes thetarget content bar 308. The target content bar 308 displays categoriesof digital content (i.e., varieties of target electronic documents) thata user can search via the character management system. For instance,with regard to the embodiment of FIG. 3A, the target content bar 308contains options for “People” (i.e., search user names, titles, orprofiles), “Tags” (i.e., search hashtags associated with social mediaposts, comments, or digital content), “Places” (i.e., search informationassociated with particular places), and “Top,” (i.e., search top resultsfor people and tags).

Although the embodiment of FIG. 3A illustrates particular categories oftarget electronic documents (e.g., “People,” “Tags,” or “Places”), itwill be appreciated that the character management system can search andprovide search results with regard to other types or varieties of targetelectronic documents in addition to those illustrated in FIG. 3A. Forinstance, the character management system can search social media posts,images, web pages, word processing documents, spreadsheets, databases,or any other type of electronic document.

The character management system can identify target electronic documentsto search based on user interaction with the target content bar 308. Forinstance, based on user interaction with the target content bar 308, thecharacter management system is set to search “Tags” (e.g., hashtagsassociated with social media posts, comments, or digital content). Inparticular, the character management system searches tags based on thecharacters (i.e., search query) entered into the search bar 306.

Moreover, the character management system can display one or more searchresults (i.e., results from the search query) via the results displayarea 310. In particular, the results display area 310 can be configuredto display a variety of representations of one or more electronicdocuments as search results. For instance, the results display area 310can display representations of one or more web pages, one or more tags,one or more social media posts, or one or more other electronicdocuments. More specifically, the results display area 310 can displaysearch results with regard to the search query entered into the searchbar 306. Thus, as discussed in greater detail below, with regard to theembodiment of FIG. 3A, the results display area 310 provides a pluralityof results representations (e.g., results representations 316-320) basedon the heart standardized image character 314 provided as a search querywith regard to the search bar 306.

To search (or locate, flag, analyze, recommend, or otherwise support)standardized image characters, one or more embodiments of the charactermanagement system identify the standardized image characters within oneor more electronic documents. In particular, in one or more embodiments,the character management system generates an index of standardized imagecharacters contained within a repository of electronic documents.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3A, the character management systemconducts a search across tags (e.g., hashtags) for standardized imagecharacters corresponding to the heart standardized image character 314.To search the tags, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem generates an index of the tags (e.g., an index of the tags andcorresponding digital content, such as images, text, or comments),including tags containing standardized image characters. The charactermanagement system can utilize the index to identify results from searchquery entered with regard to the search bar 306.

The indexing process, however, is complicated by the fact that tagsand/or standardized image characters are often generated and supportedutilizing a variety of platforms and code bases, which results in avariety of encoding expressions, code points, variant forms, and patternmatching differences. For example, emoji expressed in Unicode may beexpressed in a variety of encodings (e.g., UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32).Moreover, different code bases (e.g., Objective-C, Java, Python) utilizedifferent encodings to express emoji. For example, Objective-C utilizesUTF-16, which is a complex encoding that utilizes surrogate pairs withregard to some emoji.

Similarly, different code bases utilize different syntaxes. For example,Unicode escaping sequences (i.e., sequences representing Unicodecharacters) work subtly differently across codebases. Accordingly,standardized image characters generated utilizing different code basescan have different escaping sequences.

In addition, in Unicode, emoji are defined according to code points(i.e., numbers identifying the particular emoji). Many emoji, however,consist of multiple code points. For example, flag emoji consist of twocode points. Thus, to identify some standardized image characters, it isnecessary to accommodate and identify multiple different code points.

Moreover, different platforms can express emoji in different variantforms. For example, a heart emoji in iOS consists of one code pointcorresponding to the heart followed by a variant selector code pointthat identifies a particular glyph to represent the heart.

Furthermore, more recent emoji require even additional optionalcharacters. For example, recent emoji representing different familyarrangements are implemented as separate Unicode code points for eachmember of the family, joined together with a zero-width joinercharacter. Accordingly, some family emoji are implemented with sevenUnicode code points that define each member of the family.

In addition, some platforms have pattern matching differences. Forexample, different platforms have different allowed characters that willmatch when utilizing a regular expression (e.g., “/w” has differentmeaning within different code bases).

As mentioned previously, however, one or more embodiments of thecharacter management system account for such variability andcomplications in standardized image characters, and identify and utilizestandardized image characters across multiple platforms and code bases.In particular, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem utilizes one or more regular expression to identify standardizedimage characters or tags (e.g., hashtags) containing standardized imagecharacters across platforms and code bases.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemaccesses a record of available standardized image characters andcorresponding code points. In particular, in one or more embodiments,the character management system accesses a third-party data filecontaining available standardized image characters and code points. Forinstance, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemaccesses the TR51 Draft Technical Report and corresponding data filescontaining a list of available emoji and code point ranges.

In one or more embodiments, the character management system utilizes ascript to parse code points out of the record of available standardizedimage characters. In particular, the character management systemutilizes a script that parses code points and constructs a minimalregular expression using character ranges corresponding to the availablestandardized image characters. In this manner, the character managementsystem can identify and support emoji that consist of multiple codepoints. Moreover, the character management system can identify andsupport emoji in different variant forms and emoji with additionaloptional characters.

Moreover, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemdetects and identifies new, available standardized image characters. Inparticular, in one or more embodiments the character management systemaccesses an updating record of available standardized image characters.The character management system can detect changes to the updatingrecord of available standardized image characters. Moreover, thecharacter management system can utilize a script to parse new codepoints and modify the regular expression to reflect character rangescorresponding to the new available standardized image characters. Inthis manner, the character management system can recognize and identifynew standardized image characters as they become available.

A record of available standardized image characters, however, may notreflect all differences for standardized image characters acrossplatforms and code bases. For example, as discussed above, some codebases represent certain characters utilizing surrogate pairs that maynot be represented in a record of available standardized imagecharacters (and cannot be captured as a regular expression characterranges). Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system must adjust the regular expression to includenon-range surrogate pairs.

For example, in narrow Python builds, four-byte Unicode escapes are notallowed as regular expression character ranges. Thus, instead ofmatching a standardized image character block using a simple expression,such as,

-   -   [\U0001F600-\U0001F64F]        the character management system utilizes a non-range surrogate        pair match, such as,    -   (\uD83D[\uDE00-\uDE4F]).

Similarly, as mentioned above, different code bases have differentsyntaxes (e.g., Unicode escaping varies slightly from code base to codebase). In one or more embodiments, the character management systemutilizes patterns to identify and account for different syntaxes. Forinstance, with regard to Java 7 and astral plan Unicode characters(i.e., high code point ranges), the character management system canmatch U+0001F600 with the pattern \x{1F600}. Similarly, Objective-Csupports Unicode escaping for astral plane characters in strings with\U0001F600, but the syntax does not work in the ASCII range;accordingly, the character management system utilizes a mixture ofanother \xf6 syntax (as illustrated below).

Moreover, as mentioned above, different code bases have pattern matchingdifferences. For example, the effect of “\w” varies in implementingmatching patterns for some emoji across code bases. Specifically, inUnicode, the UTS 18 technical standard recommends that “\w” matchesdigits, alphabetical characters, the general category of “mark,” and twocategories called “Connector Punctuation” and “Join Control.” The lattertwo categories are used in some emoji but programming languagesimplement them differently. Objective-C on iOS 8.3 will match “\w”against U+200d and U+fe0f. Python matches neither. Peculiarly, the JavaJRE (8.0) matches neither while the Android Java runtime (API level 16)matches only U+fe0f. Thus, depending on the platform, the charactermanagement system augments the allowed character for each particularcode base set to include special non-printable characters.

By parsing a record of available standardized image characters, findingcharacter variations, and accounting for language differences thecharacter management system can generate regular expressions thatidentify and support standardized image characters across platforms andcode bases. For instance, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system generates the following regular expression to identifyemoji within tags across platforms and codebases:

Python 2.7

u″(?<!&)#(\w|(?:[xA9\xAE\u203C\u2049\u2122\u2139\u2194-\u2199\u21A9\u21AA\u231A\u231B\u2328\u2388\u23CF\u23E9-\u23F3\u23F8-\u23FA\u24C2\u25AA\u25AB\u25B6\u25C0\u25FB-\u25FE\u2600-\u2604\u260E\u2611\u2614\u2615\u2618\u2611:0\u2620\u2622\u2623\u2626\u262A\u262Eu262F\u2638-\u263A\u2648-\u2653\u2660\u2663\u2665\u2666\u2668\u267B\u267F\u2692-\u2694\u2696\u2697\u2699\u269B\u269C\u26A0\u26A1\u26AA\u26AB\u26B0\u26B1\u26BD\u26BE\u26C4\u26C5\u26C8\u26CE\u26CF\u26D1\u26D3\u26D4\u26E9\u26EA\u26F0-\u26F5\u26F7-\u26FA\u26FD\u2702\u2705\u2708-\u270D\u270F\u2712\u2714\u2716\u271D\u2721\u2728\u2733\u2734\u2744\u2747\u274C\u274E\u2753-\u2755\u2757\u2763\u2764\u2795-\u2797\u27A1\u27B0\u27BF\u2934\u2935\u2B05-\u2B07\u2B1B\u2B1C\u2B50\u2B55\u3030\u303D\u3297\u329911\uD83CruDC04\uDCCF\uDD70\uDD71\uDD7E\uDD7F\uDD8E\uDD91-\uDD9A\uDE01\uDE02\uDE1A\uDE2RuDE32-\uDE3A\uDE50\uDE51\uDF00-\uDF21\uDF24-\uDF93\uDF96\uDF97\uDF99-\uDF913\uDF9E-\uDFF0\uDFF3-\uDFF5\uDFF7-\uDFFF11\uD83DruDC00-\uDCFD\uDCFF-\uDD3D\uDD49-\uDD4E\uDD50-\uDD67\uDD6RuDD70\uDD73-\uDD79\uDD87\uDD8A-\uDD8D\uDD90\uDD95\uDD96\uDDA5\uDDA8\uDDB1\uDDB2\uDDBC\uDDC2-\uDDC4\uDDD1-\uDDD3\uDDDC-\uDDDE\uDDE1\uDDE3\uDDEF\uDDF3\uDDFA-\uDE4F\uDE80-\uDEC5\uDECB-\uDED0\uDEE0-\uDEE5\uDEE9\uDEEMuDEEC\uDEF0\uDEF3|\uD83E[\uDD10-\uDD18\uDD80-\uDD84\uDDC0]|(?:\u20E3|1\u20E3|2\u20E3|3\u20E3|4\u20E3|5\u20E3|6\u20E3|7\u20E3|8\u20E3|9\u20E3|#\u20E3|\\*\u20E3|\uD83C(?:\uDDE6\uD83C(?:\uDDEB|\uDFD1|\uDDF8|\uDDF9|\uDDF4|\uDDEE|\uDDF6|\uDDEC|\uDDF7|\uDDF2|\uDDFC|\uDDE8|\uDDFA|\uDDF9|\uDDFF|\uDDEA)\uDDE7\uD83C(?:\uDDF8|\uDDED|\uDDE9|\uDDE7|\uDDFE|\uDDEA|\uDDFF|\uDDEF|\uDDF2|\uDDF9|\uDDF4|\uDDE6]\uDDFC|\uDDFB|\uDDF7DDF3|\uDDEC|\uDDEB|\uDDEE|\uDDF6|\uDDF1)|\uDDE8\uD83C(?:\uDDF2|\uDDE6|\uDDFB|\uDDEB|\uDDF1|\uDDF3|\uDDFD|\uDDF5|\uDDE8|\uDDF4|\uDDEC|\uDDE9|\uDDF0|\uDDF7|\uDDEE|\uDDFA|\uDDFE|\uDDFF|\uDDED)|uDDE9\uD83C(?:\uDDFF|\uDDF0|\uDDEC|\uDDEF|\uDDF2|\uDDF4|\uDDEA\uDDEA\uD83C(?:\uDDE6|\uDDE8|\uDDEC|\uDDF7|\uDDEA|\uDDF9|\uDDFA|\uDDF8|\uDDED)|\uDDEB\uD83C(?:\uDDF0|\uDDF4|\uDDEF|\uDDEE|\uDDF7|\DDF2)|\uDDEC\uD83C(?:\uDDF6|\uDDEB|\uDDE6|\uDDF2|\uDDEA|\uDDED|\uDDEE|\uDDF7|\uDDF1|\uDDE9|\uDDF5|\uDDFA|\uDDF9|\uDDEC|\uDDF3|\uDDFC|\uDDFE|\uDDF8″\uDDE7)|\DDED\uD83C(?:\uDDF7|\uDDF9|\uDDF2|\uDDF3|\uD 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As mentioned previously, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system utilizes the regular expressions to parse tags (e.g.,hashtags) and then indexes the corresponding digital content by tag. Inthis manner, the character management system can identify and supportstandardized image characters across a variety of clients (e.g., Web,Android, and iOS). For instance, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system uses the regular expression to link tags incaptions and comments with regard to social media posts provided andsupported via a variety of client platforms.

It will be appreciated that although the foregoing regular expressionsare crafted to parse hashtags and identify emoji expressed in Unicode,the character management system can utilize similar regular expressionsto identify standardized image characters with regard to any variety ofelectronic documents. For example, the character management system canutilize regular expressions to identify one or more standardized imagecharacters with regard to the repository 102. Similarly, the charactermanagement system can utilize regular expressions to identifystandardized image characters with regard to any electronic document orcollection of electronic documents.

Upon identifying standardized image characters in target electronicdocuments (e.g., creating an index of standardized image characters froma plurality of electronic documents), one or more embodiments of thecharacter management system conduct searches with regard to thestandardized image characters. For instance, the character managementsystem can search an index of tags containing standardized imagecharacters and identify those tags that contain a standardized imagecharacter that matches the search query provided with regard to thesearch bar 306.

For example, the character management system can identify a Unicodeemoji character entered into the search bar 306 and identify tagscontaining the Unicode emoji character by traversing an index of tags.Moreover, as just discussed, the character management system canidentify tags with the Unicode emoji character regardless of platform,code base, variant character, etc.

Thus, as illustrated, in FIG. 3A, based on user input of the heartstandardized image character 314, the character management system canidentify electronic documents (e.g., a plurality of tags) containing theheart standardized image character 314. Moreover, the charactermanagement system can present for display a representation of theidentified electronic documents (e.g., the plurality of tags) in theresults display area 310. Indeed, as shown in FIG. 3A, the charactermanagement system presents for display result representation 316 in theresults display area 310. The result representation 316 reflects tagscorresponding to the heart standardized image character 314.

In one or more embodiments, the character management system provideselements in response to a search query that enable further capabilitiesbased on user interaction with the provided elements. For example, theresult representation 316 is a selectable element of the user interface304 that enables the user to obtain additional information with regardto tags corresponding to the result representation 316. In particular,upon user interaction with the result representation 316, the charactermanagement system can provide for display social media posts, comments,text, or other digital content corresponding to each tag. In thismanner, the character management system enables a user to receive andreview the contents of electronic documents corresponding to the searchquery.

In addition to identifying electronic documents that contain astandardized image character entered into the search bar 306, thecharacter management system can also identify additional electronicdocuments corresponding to a contextual meaning. In particular, thecharacter management system can identify electronic documents based on acontextual meaning of a standardized image character entered into thesearch bar 306.

For example, with regard to FIG. 3A, the character management systemidentifies a plurality of tags based on the contextual meaning of theheart standardized image character 314. In particular, as describedabove, the character management determines a contextual meaning of theheart standardized image character 314, and then searches electronicdocuments based on the contextual meaning. Specifically, the charactermanagement system determines that the heart standardized image character314 has a contextual meaning including “love” and identifies tagscontaining the word “love.” Accordingly, the character management systemprovides for display the result representation 318, wherein the resultrepresentation identifies a tag corresponding to a plurality of socialmedia posts (or comments, etc.) containing “#love.”

In a similar manner, the character management system can determine thatthe contextual meaning of the heart standardized image character 314also corresponds to “heart” and “loveher.” Accordingly, as illustratedin FIG. 3A, the character management system identifies tags containing“heart” and “loveher” and presents corresponding results.

The character management system can utilize contextual meaning ofstandardized image characters provided in a search query to identifyelectronic documents containing other standardized image characters. Inparticular, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemidentifies a contextual meaning corresponding to a standardized imagecharacter entered as part of a search query (e.g., with regard to thesearch bar 306) and the character management system identifies acontextual meaning corresponding to a standardized image character inone or more target electronic documents.

For instance, with regard to FIG. 3A the character management systemprovides for display a result representation 320 that comprises a hearteyes standardized image character 322. The character management systemprovides the result representation 320 upon identifying a correspondencebetween the contextual meaning of the heart standardized image character314 and the heart eyes standardized image character 322. Specifically,the character management system determines that a contextual meaning ofthe heart eyes standardized image character 322 comprises “love.”Moreover, the character management system determines that a contextualmeaning of the heart standardized image character 314 also comprises“love.” Based on the identified correspondence, the character managementsystem identifies tags containing the heart eyes standardized imagecharacter 322 as a result for the search query prompted by user input ofthe heart standardized image character 314 with regard to the search bar306. Moreover, the character management system presents the resultrepresentation 320 reflecting the heart eyes standardized imagecharacter 322. Thus, the character management system can provideelectronic documents containing a second standardized image character inresponse to a search query containing a first standardized imagecharacter by finding a correspondence between the contextual meaning offirst standardized image character and the contextual meaning of thesecond standardized image character.

It will be appreciated that although FIG. 3A illustrates a singlestandardized image character entered with regard to the search bar 306,the character management system can conduct searches with regard to asearch query containing a plurality of standardized image characters.For example, the character management system can conduct a search forboth the heart standardized image character 314 and another standardizedimage character (e.g., the heart eyes standardized image character 322).

For example, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemcan determine a contextual meaning for each of a plurality ofstandardized image characters in a search query and conduct a searchbased on the determined contextual meanings. Moreover, the charactermanagement system can identify a correspondence between the contextualmeanings of the plurality of standardized image characters in the searchquery and one or more characters (e.g., words and/or standardized imagecharacters) in one or more target electronic documents. Based on thecorrespondence, the character management system can provide results fromthe search query for display (e.g., via the user interface 304).

Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments the charactermanagement system can determine a single contextual meaning with regardto a combination of a plurality of standardized image characters. Forinstance, using one or more of the methods described above, thecharacter management system can identify a contextual meaningcorresponding to a combination of a plurality of standardized imagecharacters (e.g., a contextual meaning of the heart standardized imagecharacter 314 combined with the heart eyes standardized image character322). Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem can conduct a search based on the contextual meaning of thecombination of the plurality of standardized image characters (inaddition to, or in place of, conducting a search based on the contextualmeaning of each of the individual standardized image characters).

In addition to conducting searches with regard to a plurality ofstandardized image characters, in one or more embodiments, the charactermanagement system can also conduct searches with regard to a combinationof standardized image characters and other characters. For example, thecharacter management system can conduct searches for a tag containingboth a standardized image character and text (e.g., “#haha

”).

With regard to searches performed for a combination of standardizedimage characters and other symbols, the character management system cansearch for the standardized image characters and other symbols inisolation or in combination. For instance, in some embodiments, thecharacter management system identifies a contextual meaning with regardto the combination of the standardized image characters and othersymbols (e.g., identifies a contextual meaning of “haha

” as combined from a repository of electronic documents). Moreover, thecharacter management system can conduct a search based on the combinedcontextual meaning.

The character management system can also conduct searches based on themeaning of the standardized image characters and other characters inisolation. For example, the character management system can identify acontextual meaning of the standardized image character in isolation(e.g.,

). Moreover, the character management system can conduct a search basedon the contextual meaning of the standardized image character andconduct a search for the remaining characters (e.g., a search based onthe contextual meaning of

and based on the word “haha”).

The character management system can also conduct a search forstandardized image characters based on a search query that does notinclude standardized image characters. In particular, in conducting asearch for a search query that does not include standardized imagecharacters, the character management system can identify standardizedimage characters responsive to the search. For example, FIG. 3Billustrates the computing device 300 upon user input of the word “love”in the search bar 306. In particular, the character management systemhas provided a result representation 330, which comprises the heartstandardized image character 314.

Specifically, with regard to the embodiment of FIG. 3B, the charactermanagement system conducts a search for the term “love” with regard to aplurality of target electronic documents (i.e., an index of tags). Thecharacter management system identifies standardized image characterswithin the plurality of target electronic documents and furtherdetermines a contextual meaning corresponding to the standardized imagecharacters. The character management system can compare the search term(i.e., “love”) with the contextual meaning of the standardized imagecharacters within the plurality of target electronic documents. Based onthe comparison, the character management system can identify acorrespondence between the search term and one or more standardizedimage characters. In particular, the character management systemidentifies a correspondence between the search term “love” and thecontextual meaning of the heart standardized image character 314.Accordingly, the character management system provides the resultrepresentation 330 comprising the heart standardized image character 314for display within the result display area 310.

Although the results display area 310 portrays a particular set ofresults in a particular manner with regard to FIGS. 3A-3B, the resultsdisplay area 310 can be configured to display a variety of results in avariety of different implementations. For example, rather than display alist of a plurality of tags (as shown in FIGS. 3A-3B), the charactermanagement system can display (via the results display area 310) arepresentation of a plurality of web pages (e.g., a title of a web pagewith highlighted characters from the web page responsive to the searchquery). Similarly, the results display area 310 can provide for displaya plurality of social media posts with characters responsive to thesearch query (e.g., responsive standardized image characters) emphasized(e.g., highlighted or bolded). Moreover, the results display area 310can provide for display a plurality of instances of digital cotent(e.g., digital images) tagged with characters (e.g., standardized imagecharacters or text) responsive to the search query.

Additionally, the character management system can vary the order ormanner of presentation. For instance, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system and the results display area 310 can beconfigured to display the results based on a degree of relevance. Forinstance, the results display area 310 can be configured to display theresults that best match (e.g., the results with a highest relevancescore and/or correspondence score) the search query provided via thesearch bar 306 within the results display area 310.

In other embodiments, the character management system and the resultsdisplay area 310 are configured to display result representations thatcorrespond to the largest number of corresponding tags (e.g., displaythe results representation with the highest number of tags first,followed by the results representation corresponding to the secondhighest number of tags second). In yet other embodiments, the resultsdisplay area 310 displays search results based on a popularity measure(e.g., number of views of a social media post or other digital content,a number of comments corresponding to an electronic document, or anumber of visits to a web page). In still other embodiments, the resultsdisplay area 310 is configured to display search results based on ameasure of how other users have previously interacted with one or moreresult representations (e.g., display result representations first thatcorrespond to electronic documents that previous users have selected inresponse to a particular search query).

Moreover, although FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate searches and results withregard to text and standardized image characters, it will be appreciatedthat the character management system can also conduct searches andidentify results based on other user input. For example, as mentionedpreviously, the character management system can generate a semantic mapthat defines contextual meaning with regard to words, standardized imagecharacters, tags, other digital images, or other character or symbols.Accordingly, the character management system can conduct searches andidentify search results based on contextual meaning of words,standardized image characters, tags, other digital images, or othercharacter or symbols.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemcan conduct searches and identify search results with regard to digitalimages. For instance, a user can provide a standardized image character(e.g., a mountain standardized image character) as part of a searchquery. The character management system can determine a contextualmeaning of the standardized image character (e.g., “mountain” or“hiking”). Based on the determined contextual meaning, the charactermanagement system can identify images that correspond to the searchquery (e.g., identify images containing mountains or portraying hiking).

For instance, the character management system can utilize a semantic mapthat contains both images and standardized image characters to determinea correspondence between the standardized image character in the searchquery and an image (e.g., determine that an image containing a mountainis in close proximity to the mountain standardized image characterwithin a semantic map). Additionally or alternatively, the charactermanagement system can conduct a word search for images based on thecontextual meaning of the standardized image character.

In a similar manner, the character management system can also identifysearch results based on a search for an image. For instance, a user canprovide a search query that includes a digital image (e.g., a picture ofa mountain). In one or more embodiments, the character management systemcan utilize object recognition technology to identify one or moreobjects in the digital image (e.g., identify the image of a mountain).The character management system can then conduct a search based on theidentified object (e.g., conduct a search for an image of a mountain orthe word mountain). The character management system can identify acorrespondence between the identified object and a standardized imagecharacter (e.g., determine that a mountain image and a mountain emojiare in close proximity on a semantic map). Moreover, the charactermanagement system can provide search results that include electronicdocuments containing the identified standardized image character inresponse to the search query containing the digital image.

As mentioned previously, the character management system can alsoprovide recommendations with regard to one or more standardized imagecharacters. In particular, the character management system can recommenda standardized image character based on a contextual meaning of thestandardized image character. For example, FIG. 3C illustratesrecommending a standardized image character as a search term based onthe contextual meaning of the standardized image character.

In particular, FIG. 3C illustrates the computing device 300 displayingthe user interface 304 upon user input of a search query 340 (i.e.,“hate”) with regard to the search bar 306. Moreover, in response toentry of the search query 340, the character management system presentsfor display a listing of recommended search elements 346. Specifically,the character management system presents recommended search terms 342a-342 d.

In one or more embodiments, the character management system selectsrecommended search terms based on contextual meaning of one or morestandardized image characters. For example, the character managementsystem can compare a search query with contextual meanings associatedwith a plurality of standardized image characters. The charactermanagement system can identify a correspondence between the search queryand one or more contextual meanings associated with one or morestandardized image characters. Based on the correspondence, thecharacter management system can recommend the one or more standardizedimage characters.

For example, with regard to FIG. 3C, the character management systemreceives user input of the search query 340 and conducts a search foradditional terms related to the search query 340. In particular, thecharacter management system searches standardized image characters,words, combinations of standardized image characters and words, andother characters to identify a correspondence with the search query 340.With regard to words, the standardized image character identifies acorrespondence between the search query 340 (i.e., “hate”) and therecommend search term 342 d (i.e., “hatersgonnahate”).

With regard to standardized image characters, the character managementsystem identifies a correspondence between the search query 340 (i.e.,“hate”) and the recommended search term 342 b (i.e., an angry devilemoji 344). In particular, the character management system determinesthe contextual meaning of the angry devil emoji 344, compares thecontextual meaning of the angry devil emoji 344 and the search query340, and finds a correspondence (e.g., the angry devil emoji 344 has acontextual meaning including or relating to “hate” which corresponds tothe search query 340).

Similarly, the character management system identifies a correspondencebetween the search query 340 and the recommended search term 342 c. Therecommended search term 342 c comprises a combination of a standardizedimage character and another word (i.e., the word “hate” combined withthe angry devil emoji 344). The character management system identifies acontextual meaning of the combined standardized image character/word(i.e., the contextual meaning of the word “hate” combined with the angrydevil emoji 344) and identifies a correspondence between the contextualmeaning and the search query 340. Accordingly, the character managementsystem identifies the combined standardized image character/word as therecommended search term 342 c.

In one or more embodiments, rather than identify a contextual meaning ofa combined standardized image character and word, the charactermanagement system identifies a contextual meaning of the standardizedimage character in isolation (i.e., identifies the contextual meaning ofthe angry devil emoji 344 separately from the word “hate”). Forinstance, the character management system can determine that the angrydevil emoji 144 has a contextual meaning that corresponds to the word“hate.” Moreover, the character management system can identify acorrespondence by comparing the contextual meaning of the standardizedimage character (e.g., the contextual meaning of the angry devil emoji144) to the search query 340 and also comparing the word (i.e., “hate”)to the search query 340.

In addition to searching with regard to standardized image characters,the character management system can also facilitate communication withregard to standardized image characters. In particular, the charactermanagement system can identify, recommend, or correct electroniccommunications based on contextual meaning of one or more standardizedimage characters. For example, FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate facilitatingelectronic communication utilizing standardized image charactersaccording to one or more embodiments.

In particular, FIG. 4A illustrates a computing device 400 with a displayscreen 402 displaying a communication user interface 404. Thecommunication user interface 404 facilitates the display of electroniccommunications sent by a user of the computing device 400 and/orreceived from one or more users. The communication user interface 404 isconfigured to provide a variety of components, elements, or icons. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 4A, the communication user interface 404includes an input bar 406 (capable of presenting electronic messages andenabling editing of electronic messages prior to sending), a characterinput element 408 (capable of selecting, adding, removing, or alteringcharacters with regard to the input bar 406), an additionalcommunication options element 410 (e.g., add photos or transmit funds),and a recommendation bar 412 (capable of providing recommendedcharacters, symbols, or text for utilization in an electronic message).The communication user interface 404 also includes a communicationviewing field 414 that can display a communication thread between theuser of the computing device 400 and another user (i.e., user “Jimmy”identified in the communication user interface 404 of FIG. 4A).

As mentioned, the character management system can recommend one or morestandardized image characters to facilitate electronic communications.In particular, the character management system can recommend one or morestandardized image characters based on contextual meaning to facilitateelectronic communication. For instance, FIG. 4A illustrates thecharacter management system providing for display (via therecommendation bar 412) a first recommended standardized image character420 a and a second recommended standardized image character 420 b.

The character management system recommends the recommended standardizedimage characters 420 a, 420 b based on the characters entered in theinput bar 406 and the contextual meaning of the recommended standardizedimage characters 420 a, 420 b. Specifically, the character managementsystem detects user input of characters in the input bar 406. Moreover,the character management system conducts a search for similar characters(e.g., words or standardized image characters), based on the enteredcharacters.

With regard to the illustrated example of FIG. 4A, the charactermanagement system conducts a search for “stinks” (and/or “that stinks”)and compares the search query with contextual meaning of a plurality ofstandardized image characters. The character management systemidentifies a match between the search query and the contextual meaningof the recommended standardized image characters 420 a, 420 b. Inparticular, the character management system determines that both thefirst recommended standardized image character 420 a and the secondrecommended standardized image character are commonly utilized in thecontext of “stinks” (or “that stinks”). Based on the identified match,the character management system provides the recommended standardizedimage characters 420 a, 420 b for display via the recommendation bar412. Upon user interaction with the recommended standardized imagecharacters 420 a, 420 b, the character management system adds one ormore of the standardized image characters to the input bar 406.

Although FIG. 4A illustrates the recommended standardized imagecharacters 420 a, 420 b provided in response to text entered via theinput bar 406, the character management system can also providerecommendations (i.e., recommended text or recommended standardizedimage characters) in response to user input of a standardized imagecharacter. In particular, the character management system can providerecommendations based on a contextual meaning of a standardized imagecharacter provided by a user.

For example, the character management system can detect user input of astandardized image character (e.g., a standardized image characterentered via the input bar 406). Moreover, the character managementsystem can determine a contextual meaning of the detected standardizedimage character. Based on the contextual meaning, the charactermanagement system can conduct a search for other characters (e.g., wordsor standardized image characters). The character management system canidentify a correspondence between the contextual meaning and words orstandardized image characters and provide the words or standardizedimage character for display as recommended additions (e.g., via therecommendation bar 412) for the communication.

For instance, upon user entry of a heart standardized image character(e.g., the heart standardized image character 314), the charactermanagement system can determine a contextual meaning of the heartstandardized image character (e.g., “love” or “I love you”). Thecharacter management system can identify words corresponding to thecontextual meaning and provide the words for display (e.g., provide theword “love” or “I love you” via the recommendation bar 412).

Similarly, the character management system can identify a correspondencewith the contextual meaning of other standardized image characters. Forinstance, the character management system can determine that a hearteyes standardized image character (e.g., the heart eyes standardizedimage character 322) has a similar contextual meaning (e.g., “love”) asthe heart standardized image character 314. Based on the identifiedsimilarity, the character management system can provide the heart eyesstandardized image character 322 for display via the recommendation bar412.

As mentioned previously, the character management system can alsoutilize contextual meaning to correct usage of one or more standardizedimage characters. For example, the character management system canidentify a usage of a standardized image character, compare the usage toa determined contextual meaning, determine that the usage conflicts withthe determined contextual meaning, and correct the usage.

For example, FIG. 4B illustrates the computing device 400 displaying thecommunication user interface 404. The user has provided (i.e., via userinteraction with the character input element 408 and the input bar 406)a combination of text (i.e., “Lol!”) and a crying standardized imagecharacter 424. The character management system can identify a contextualmeaning of the crying standardized image character 424 and compare thecontextual meaning with the entered text (i.e., compare the cryingstandardized image character with “Lol!”). Based on the comparison, thecharacter management system can determine that the crying standardizedimage character 424 has a contextual meaning (e.g., “ughh,” “sorry,”“sad”) that contradicts the entered text (e.g., “Lol!”).

Moreover, the character management system can search for and identify astandardized image character that corresponds to the entered text. Inparticular, with regard to FIG. 4B, the character management systemsearches for a standardized image character with a contextual meaningcorresponding to “Lol!” and identifies the laughing, crying standardizedimage character 422. Based on the determined contradiction (or conflict)between the crying standardized image character 424 and the enteredtext, and based on the correspondence between the entered text and thelaughing, crying standardized image character 422, the charactermanagement system can provide an indication that the crying standardizedimage character 424 has been improperly used (e.g., underline the cryingstandardized image character 424) and also provide the laughing, cryingstandardized image character 422 within the recommendation bar 412.Moreover, based on user interaction with the laughing, cryingstandardized image character 422 within the recommendation bar 412, thecharacter management system can replace the crying standardized imagecharacter 424 with the laughing, crying standardized mage character 422.

In addition, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemcan automatically correct (i.e., correct without additional selection,or user input, of a replacement) improper usage of a standardized imagecharacter. For example, in one or more embodiments, upon detecting anincongruity between the crying standardized image character 424 andentered text, the character management system can replace the cryingstandardized image character 424 with the laughing, crying standardizedimage character 422 (even without user selection of the laughing, cryingstandardized image character 422 via the recommendation bar 412).

Moreover, although FIG. 4B illustrates the character management systemproviding an indication of a misused standardized image character (e.g.,underlining) together with a recommendation for a replacement, it willbe appreciated that the character management system can provided anindication of a misused standardized image character without providing arecommended replacement. For instance, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system can simply provide an indication of amisused standardized image character (e.g., underling) to notify theuser that the contextual meaning of the standardized image character mayconflict with the chosen usage.

In addition to facilitating electronic communication with standardizedimage characters, the character management system can also facilitateunderstanding and analysis with regard to use of standardized imagecharacters. Indeed, individuals and businesses commonly seek to identifyuser sentiment or reaction with regard to products, advertisements,brands, figures, public personalities, celebrities or other publicoffering. The use of standardized image characters can provide animpediment to accurately determining consumer sentiment, given that themeaning and usage of standardized image characters is not well known andcan vary over time. In one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem can assist in determining a sentiment associated with astandardized image character based on contextual meaning.

For example, FIG. 5A illustrates a computing device 500 with a displayscreen 502 displaying a social media user interface 504 configured todisplay a social media application. In particular, the social media userinterface 504 includes a digital video element 506 for playing a digitalvideo; specifically, a digital video corresponding to a trailer for amovie. Moreover, the social media user interface 504 provides optionsfor users to provide comments for display to other users. In particular,the social media user interface 504 includes a comment field 508containing comments provided by users with regard to the digital video.

As illustrated, many of the comments in the comment field 508 containstandardized image characters. The character management system canutilize contextual meaning of the standardized image characters toidentify a sentiment. In particular, the character management system canidentify user sentiment with regard to comments containing standardizedimage characters.

For example, the character management system can compile a plurality ofelectronic documents reflecting user sentiment (e.g., comments providedwith regard to a movie trailer via the comment field 508). The charactermanagement system can identify standardized image characterscorresponding to the plurality of electronic documents. Moreover, thecharacter management system can determine contextual meaning of theidentified standardized image characters. Accordingly, the charactermanagement system can utilize the contextual meaning to determine a usersentiment corresponding to each standardized image character.

In one or more embodiments, the character management system utilizes avariety of sentiment analysis approaches in conjunction with contextualmeaning to identify sentiment. For example, in one or more embodiments,the character management system utilizes contextual meaning inconjunction with keyword spotting algorithms, lexical affinityalgorithms, statistical algorithms, and/or concept-level algorithms todetermine user sentiment. For instance, with regard to keyword spottingalgorithms, the character management system can provide contextualmeaning of standardized image characters (i.e., terms associated with astandardized image character from a semantic map) to a keyword spottingalgorithm, which can identify sentiment based on the provided terms.

Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, the character management systemcan produce a summary of sentiment with regard to use of standardizedimage characters. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 5B, the charactermanagement system analyzes the contents of the comment field 508 anddetermines a sentiment summary 510. In particular, the sentiment summary510 categorizes the comments into “Positive,” “Neutral,” or “Negative.”

Although FIG. 5B illustrates a particular sentiment summary withparticular sentiment categories, it will be appreciated that thecharacter management system can produce sentiment summaries in a varietyof forms. For instance, the sentiment summary 510 can have additional orfewer categories. For example, the sentiment summary 510 can analyzesentiment with regard to humor (e.g., how funny consumers found themovie trailer), excitement (e.g., how suspenseful), anxiety or fear(e.g., how frightening was the movie trailer), or some other emotion orcharacteristic. Similarly, the sentiment summary 510 can provide moredetailed analysis. For example, the sentiment summary 510 can providesentiment scores particular to individual demographic categories (e.g.,age, user device, sex, ethnicity, etc.).

Although FIG. 5A illustrates the computing device 500 operating aparticular social media application, it will be appreciated that thecharacter management system can determine sentiment corresponding tostandardized image characters in a variety of circumstances. Forinstance, the character management system can identify user sentimentwith regard to feedback provided on a web page (e.g., comments providedon a webpage for the movie or a website for rating movies). Similarly,the character management system can identify user sentiment with regardto social media tags, social media posts, texts, e-mails, APIs, surveycomments, or any other electronic document.

The character management system can also assist users in understandingthe usage or meaning of standardized image characters. In particular,the character management system can utilize contextual meaning toprovide usage or meaning information. For example, FIG. 6 illustrates acomputing device 600 with a display screen 602 displaying a translatoruser interface 604. The translator user interface 604 contains elementsto assist users in understanding a meaning or usage of standardizedimage characters. In particular, the translator user interface 604includes an emoji input and output field 606 (capable of receiving,displaying, and providing emoji), an emoji selection element 608(capable of providing a plurality of standardized image characters forselection by a user), a text input and output field 610 (capable ofreceiving, displaying, and providing a variety of characters, includingwords in a variety of languages), and a translate element 612 (operableto initiate a translating operation).

As illustrated, the character management system can translatestandardized image characters into one or more words. For example, withregard to FIG. 6, the user can provide hand signal standardized imagecharacter 614 via the emoji input and output field 606. Upon userinteraction with the translate element 612, the character managementsystem can provide a word 616 (or definition) via the word input andoutput field 610 corresponding to the hand signal standardized imagecharacter 614.

In particular, the character management system can determine thecontextual meaning of the hand signal standardized image character 614.Based on the determined contextual meaning, the character managementsystem can identify the word 616. For example, in one or moreembodiments the character management system provides the word 616 byidentifying the word that is closest to the hand signal standardizedimage character 614 with regard to a semantic map.

It will be appreciated that although FIG. 6 illustrates a single word inthe word input and output field, the character management system canprovide a plurality of words (or other characters) that correspond to aselected standardized image character. For instance, in one or moreembodiments, the character management system can generate a string ofwords comprising a definition based on contextual meaning of thestandardized image character..

Moreover, it will be appreciated that although FIG. 6 illustrates asingle standardized image character in the emoji input and output field606, the character management system can provide a translation withregard to a plurality of standardized image characters or a combinationof standardized image characters and text. For example, a user can entermultiple standardized image characters, and the character managementsystem can provide a contextual meaning to the multiple standardizedimage characters as entered. Similarly, a user can enter a standardizedimage character with text (e.g., lmao

), and the character management system can provide one or more wordsrepresenting a contextual meaning of the combined standardized imagecharacter and text.

The character management system can also translate one or more wordsinto one or more standardized image characters. For instance, withregard to FIG. 6, a user can enter the word 616 (i.e., “wait”) into thetext input and output field 610, and, upon user interaction with thetranslate element 612, the character management system can provide thehand signal standardized image character 614 via the emoji input andoutput field 606. In particular, the character management searches for acontextual meaning with regard to a standardized image character thatcorresponds to the word 616. With regard to FIG. 6, the charactermanagement system identifies the hand signal standardized imagecharacter 614 based on the word 616.

As illustrated, the translate user interface 604 also includes a selectcontext element 620. The select context element 620 enables a user toidentify context that may impact the contextual meaning of astandardized image character. For example, the contextual meaning of astandardized image character may change based on a variety of factors,including, time, language, population, location, age group, sex,ethnicity, or other factors. Accordingly, upon user interaction with theselect context element 620, a user can provide information indicative ofa particular time, language, population, location, age group, sex, orethnicity. Moreover, a user can provide information indicative ofdocument type (e.g., word processing or social media tag), device type(e.g., mobile device or laptop), application type, operating system(e.g., iOS versus Android) or other characteristic particular to thedesired translation. For example, a user may wish to know the contextualmeaning of an emoji, as utilized in Japan in 2010. Similarly, a user maywish to know the contextual meaning of an emoji as currently utilized byteenagers (versus elderly users). The select context element 620 enablesa user to provide such information for utilization by the charactermanagement system.

The character management system can determine and provide aparticularized contextual meaning specific to a variety of factors orcharacteristics. For example, the character management system canprovide contextual meaning particular to demographic information (e.g.,location, culture, language, gender, sex, ethnicity, age). Similarly,the character management system can provide contextual meaningparticular to a device associated with one or more users (e.g., mobiledevice, laptop, tablet, device brand, etc.), an application utilized byone or more users (e.g., a particular social media application utilizedby a user, a particular internet browser application utilized by auser), or an operating system utilized by one or more users.Furthermore, the character management system can provide contextualmeaning particular to a period of time or particular to characteristicsof electronic documents (e.g., web pages, texts, social media posts,size), etc.

In one or more embodiments, the character management system can identifycontextual meaning specific to particular factors or characteristics bycontrolling electronic documents within a document repository. Inparticular, as described in detail above, the character managementsystem can generate a document repository or identify a portion of adocument repository specific to a variety of factors or characteristicsand generate a contextual meaning specific to the generated documentrepository. Thus, for example, the character management system candetermine a particularized contextual meaning with regard to aparticular region by generating a repository of electronic documentsoriginating from the particular region (e.g., social media posts fromusers located in Georgia) and then identifying a contextual meaning fromthe generated repository. Similarly, in one or more embodiments, thecharacter management system determines a particularized contextualmeaning with regard to a specific device by generating a repository ofelectronic documents created by the particular device and identifying acontextual meaning from the generated repository.

Although FIG. 6 illustrates the select context element 620, it will beappreciated that the character management system can provide aparticularized contextual meaning targeted to particular circumstancesor factors without a specific element, user interaction, or user input.For instance, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem detects a characteristic and automatically adjusts contextualmeaning based on the detected characteristic. Specifically, in one ormore embodiments, the character management system detects a languageassociated with a device and automatically utilizes a particularizedcontextual meaning specific to the detected language (e.g., detects thata user communicates in Japanese, and utilizes a contextual meaningcorresponding to the Japanese language). Similarly, the charactermanagement system can detect any variety of other characteristics andautomatically adjust the contextual meaning (e.g., automatically adjustthe contextual meaning based on age, client device, region, operatingsystem, device type, etc.).

Moreover, the character management system can also detect a change intime and update contextual meaning based on the change in time. Forinstance, with regard to FIG. 6, the character management system canprovide a first contextual meaning corresponding to a standardized imagecharacter at a first point in time. At a second point in time, thecharacter management system can provide a second contextual meaningcorresponding to the standardized image character at the second point intime.

Indeed, as mentioned previously, the usage and meaning of standardizedimage characters can change over a period of days, weeks, months, oryears. The character management system can dynamically update thecontextual meaning associated with standardized image characters as themeaning and usage changes. In particular, the character managementsystem can dynamically update a repository of electronic documents, suchthat the repository of electronic documents contains recent usage andmeaning information corresponding to a particular standardized imagecharacter. In some embodiments, the character management system canweight the effects of standardized image character usage based on avariety of factors, such as recency, volume, etc. For example, thecharacter management system can weight more recent usage of astandardized image character more heavily than less recent usage. Bydynamically updating the repository of electronic documents, thecharacter management system can also dynamically generate a contextualmeaning corresponding to updated usage of standardized image characters.

For instance, in one or more embodiments, the character managementsystem dynamically gathers social media posts, comments, and tags;creates a dynamic repository of the social media posts, comments, andtags that is limited by a particular time range (e.g., the precedingmonth); and dynamically generates a contextual meaning from the dynamicrepository.

Although discussed predominantly in conjunction with FIG. 6, it will beappreciated that various features of the character management systemwith regard to particularized contextual meaning based on variouscharacteristics or factors, updating contextual meaning over time, etc.,also apply to other embodiments disclosed herein.

For example, with regard to embodiments described with regard to FIGS.3A-3C, the character management system can provide particularizedcontextual meaning to specific characteristics or factors. Inparticular, with regard to searches described in conjunction with FIGS.3A-3C, the character management system can adjust contextual meaningbased on one or more detected characteristics or factors.

For example, the character management system can detect one or morecharacteristics associated with the computing device 300 and/or its user(e.g., age, ethnicity, location, language, operating system, etc.) andadjust the contextual meaning of one or more standardized imagecharacters in conducting searches or providing recommendations withregard to standardized image characters. For instance, the charactermanagement system can determine that the computing device 300 is locatedin China and adjust the contextual meaning of standardized imagecharacters based on the determined location in conducting searches orproviding recommendations.

Similarly, the character management system with regard to embodiments ofFIGS. 3A-3C can dynamically update contextual meaning. In particular,the character management system can dynamically update contextualmeaning with regard to standardized image characters such that thesearch and recommendation capabilities described with regard to FIGS.3A-3C reflect the most recent usage of one or more standardized imagecharacters over time. For example, the character management system canmodify search results with regard to the heart standardized imagecharacter 314 as the usage of the heart standardized image character 314changes over time.

Likewise, with regard to embodiments described above with regard toFIGS. 4A-4B, the character management system can also identifyparticularized contextual meaning specific to particularcharacteristics. For instance, the character management system cansuggest or correct standardized image characters based oncharacteristics of the computing device 400 or a user associated withthe computing device 400.

For example, the character management system can determine a location ofthe computing device 400 and generate a particularized contextualmeaning corresponding to the specific location. Moreover, the charactermanagement system can generate recommended standardized image characters(e.g., the recommended standardized image characters 420 a, 420 b) basedon the location of the user (e.g., if usage differs with regard to thelocation of the user compared other locations, the character managementsystem can recommend different standardized image characters).

Similarly, the character management system can also modify contextualmeaning based on one or more characteristics associated with a recipientof an electronic communication. For instance, the character managementsystem can determine a variety of characteristics or features withregard to a recipient (i.e., “Jimmy” identified in FIG. 4A) of anelectronic communication. Specifically, with regard to FIG. 4A, thecharacter management system can determine that recipient Jimmy has avariety of different characteristics than the user of the computingdevice 400 (e.g., Jimmy is located in a different location, utilizing adifferent device, running a different operating system, etc.). Moreover,the character management system can identify a particularized contextualmeaning of standardized image characters (and adjust recommendations orcorrections with regard to standardized image characters) based on thedetected characteristics associated with the recipient, Jimmy.

Furthermore, the character management system can also dynamically updatecontextual meaning with regard to standardized image characters utilizedto facilitate communication. Thus, for example, the character managementsystem can recommend different standardized image characters over timeas the usage of the standardized image characters changes over time.

In addition, the character management system can generate particularizedcontextual meanings for standardized image characters with regard toembodiments of FIGS. 5A-5B with regard to facilitating identification ofuser sentiment. For example, the character management system can varycontextual meaning of standardized images with regard to particularcharacteristics or features of users providing comments within thecomment field 508. For instance, with regard to the embodiment of FIG.5A, the character management system can identify a location of “TomSmith,” an individual who provided a comment within the comment field508, generate a particularized contextual meaning based on the location,and determine a sentiment from the particularized contextual meaning.

By utilizing contextual meaning specific to the characteristics ofindividual users, the character management system can identify differentintended sentiment among users, even though the users may utilize thesame standardized image character. For example, in one or moreembodiments, the character management system can determine a firstcontextual meaning of a standardized image character with regard to acomment provided by a user from a first location (i.e. the UnitedStates). The character management system can determine a secondcontextual meaning of the same standardized image character with regardto a comment provided by a second user from a second location (i.e.,Canada). The character management system can thus determine twodifferent sentiment scores based on the first and second contextualmeanings, despite the fact that the first and second users provided thesame standardized image character. Accordingly, the character managementsystem can provide a much more nuanced and accurate sentiment analysisby utilizing particularized contextual meaning based on the specificcharacteristics or features of a user.

Furthermore, by dynamically updating contextual meaning, the charactermanagement system can provide a more accurate sentiment analysis overtime. Indeed, the character management system can detect and incorporatemodifications in contextual meaning over time in generating thesentiment summary 510.

Aside from identifying contextual meaning of a standardized imagecharacter based on characteristics of a user or device, the charactermanagement system can also determine one or more characteristics of auser based on utilization of a standardized image character. Forinstance, the character management system can determine that utilizationof a certain standardized image character (or utilization of a certainstandardized character in a certain manner) corresponds to a particularcharacteristic or population. Accordingly, upon detecting that a userutilizes a standardized image character (or utilizes a standardizedimage character in a particular manner), the character management systemcan infer that a user has a particular characteristic or belongs to aparticular population.

For example, the character management system can determine thatutilization of a first standardized image character is popular amongusers of a particular age group. The character management system candetermine that a user utilizes the first standardized image characterand infer that the user belongs to the particular age group.

Similarly, the character management system can determine thatindividuals that utilize a particular application (e.g., iMessenger)utilize a second standardized image character in a particular manner.The character management system can detect that a user utilizes thesecond standardized image character in the particular manner and inferthat the user utilizes the particular application.

Turning now to FIG. 7, additional detail will be provided regardingvarious components and capabilities of the character management systemin accordance with one or more embodiments. In particular, FIG. 7illustrates an example embodiment of a character management system 700(i.e., the “character management system” described above) in accordancewith one or more embodiments.

As shown, the character management system 700 may include, but is notlimited to, a client device 702 and a server 704. Moreover, as shown,the client device 702 includes, but is not limited to, a user interfacemanager 706; a user input detector 708; a standardized image charactermanager 712; a utilization application 714; and a device storage manager716. In addition, the device storage manager 716 includes standardizedimage character library 736 and user profile 740.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 7, the server 704 includes, but is notlimited to, an image character identifier 720, a repository manager 722,a semantic engine 724, a search facility 726, a marketing facility 728,a communication manager 730, a social graph 732 (including nodeinformation 742 and edge information 744), and a server storage manager734 (including electronic document repository 746, server standardizedimage character library 748, and server user profiles 750).

As just mentioned, and as illustrated in FIG. 7, the client device 702includes the user interface manager 706. The user interface manager 706can provide, manage, and/or control a graphical user interface (orsimply “user interface”) for use with the character management system700. In particular, the user interface manager 706 may facilitatepresentation of information by way of an external component of theclient device 702. For example, the user interface manager 706 maydisplay a user interface by way of a display screen associated with theclient device 702. The user interface may be composed of a plurality ofgraphical components, objects, and/or elements that allow a user toperform a function. The user interface manager 706 can present, via theclient device 702, a variety of types of information, including text,images, video, audio, characters, or other information. Moreover, theuser interface manager 706 can provide a variety of user interfacesspecific to any variety of functions, programs, applications, plug-ins,devices, operating systems, and/or components of the client device 702(e.g., the user interfaces 304, 404, 504, and 604).

The user interface manager 706 can provide a user interface with regardto a variety of operations or applications (e.g., the utilizationapplication 714). For example, the user interface manager 706 canprovide a user interface that facilitates composing, sending, orreceiving an electronic communication containing a standardized imagecharacter. Similarly, the user interface manager 706 can generate a userinterface that facilitates searching a plurality of electronicdocuments, such as web pages, social media posts, tags, or otherelectronic documents. Moreover, the user interface manager 706 canprovide a user interface that facilitates using or understanding (i.e.,translating) one or more standardized image characters. Additionaldetails with respect to various example user interface elements aredescribed throughout with regard to various embodiments containing userinterfaces.

In addition to the user interface manager 706, as shown in FIG. 7, theclient device 702 also includes the user input detector 708. The userinput detector 708 can detect, identify, monitor, receive, process,capture, and/or record various types of user input. For example, theuser input detector 708 may be configured to detect one or more userinteractions with respect to a user interface. As referred to herein, a“user interaction” refers to conduct performed by a user (or a lack ofconduct performed by a user) to control the function of a computingdevice. “User input,” as used herein, refers to input data generated inresponse to a user interaction.

The user input detector 708 can operate in conjunction with any numberof user input devices or computing devices (in isolation or incombination), including personal computers, laptops, smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, touchscreen devices, televisions, personal digitalassistants, mouse devices, keyboards, track pads, or stylus devices. Theuser input detector 708 can detect and identify various types of userinteractions with user input devices, such as select events, dragevents, scroll events, and so forth. For example, in the event theclient device 702 includes a touch screen, the user input detector 708can detect one or more touch gestures (e.g., swipe gestures, tapgestures, pinch gestures, or reverse pinch gestures) from a user thatforms a user interaction.

Furthermore, the user input detector 708 can detect or identify userinput in any form. For example, the user input detector 708 can detect auser interaction with respect to a variety of user interface elements,such as selection of a graphical button, a drag event within a graphicalobject, or a particular touch gesture directed to one or more graphicalobjects or graphical elements of a user interface. Similarly, the userinput detector 708 can detect user input directly from one or more userinput devices.

The user input detector 708 can communicate with, and thus detect userinput with respect to, a variety of programs, applications, plug-ins,operating systems, user interfaces, or other implementations in softwareor hardware. For example, the user input detector 708 can recognize userinput provided in conjunction with the utilization application 714indicating a desire to search for a standardized image character, selecta recommended standardized image character, obtain information regardinga standardized image character, and so forth.

In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the client device 702 alsoincludes the standardized image character manager 712. The standardizedimage character manager 712 can manage, search, identify, and/or analyzeone or more standardized image characters. In particular, thestandardized image character manager 712 can manage, search, compare,identify, or analyze one or more standardized image characters on theclient device 702 (e.g., for the utilization application 714 on theclient device 702).

For instance, the standardized image character manager 712 can identifya standardized image character on the client device 702 that correspondsto another term or character (or plurality of terms or characters). Forexample, the standardized image character manager 712 can compare a wordor character to one or more standardized image characters. Morespecifically, the standardized image character manager 712 can compare aword or character to a contextual meaning associated with one or morestandardized image characters. For instance, the standardized imagecharacter manager 712 can access a contextual meaning of one or morestandardized characters and compare the contextual meaning with regardto another term.

The standardized image character manager 712 can identify a contextualmeaning of a standardized image character via the device storage manager716. In particular, the standardized image character manager 712 canidentify a contextual meaning via the standardized image characterlibrary 736. As discussed further below, the standardized imagecharacter library 736 may be stored at the client device 702 (asillustrated), or may be stored at the server 704 and provided by theserver 704 to the client device 702.

For example, as discussed above, the user input detector 708 can detectuser input of a term or character. The standardized image charactermanager 712 can compare the term or character to a contextual meaning ofstandardized image character (i.e., via the standardized image characterlibrary 736). Specifically, the standardized image character manager 712can identify a match or correspondence between a contextual meaning of astandardized image character and another term or character. Similarly,the standardized image character manager 712 can identify adis-similarity between a contextual meaning of a standardized imagecharacter and another term or character.

In this manner, the standardized image character manager 712 can searchor identify standardized image characters on the client device 702 withregard to other terms or characters. For example, the standardized imagecharacter manager 712 can identify a standardized image character on theclient device 702 based on a particular term or character. Similarly,the standardized image character manager 712 can identify a term orcharacter on the client device 702 based on a standardized imagecharacter on the client device 702.

Furthermore, the standardized image character manager 712 can identifyan incongruity between a standardized image character on the clientdevice 702 and another term or character. For example, the standardizedimage character manager 712 can identify a particular use of astandardized image character on the client device 702 with another termor character that is incongruous with the contextual meaning of thestandardized image character. Moreover, the standardized image charactermanager 712 can identify a standardized image character that bettercorresponds to the term or character.

Additionally or alternatively, the standardized image character manager712 can also conduct a search or identify a contextual meaning of astandardized image character via the server 704. For instance, a usermay provide a search query directed to a plurality of target electronicdocuments stored (or accessed) via the server 704 (e.g., a search querydirected to target electronic documents stored in the electronicdocument repository 746). The standardized image character manager 712can contact the server 704 (e.g., via the communication manager 730) andrequest a search (e.g., via the search facility 726) with regard to thetarget electronic documents. The standardized image character manager712 can receive the results of the search from the search facility 726(e.g., via the communication manager 730).

Similarly, the standardized image character manager 712 can receive asearch query that contains a standardized image character that is notincluded in the standardized image character library 736. Thestandardized image character manager 712 can request and receive acontextual meaning from the server 704 (e.g., from the semantic engine724 or the server standardized image character library 748).

Moreover, as shown in FIG. 7, the client device 702 also includes theutilization application 714. The utilization application 714 includesone or more applications that utilize standardized image characters. Inparticular, the utilization application 714 includes one or moreapplications that communicate, convey, and/or utilize standardized imagecharacters.

The utilization application 714 can include a variety of applicationsthat utilize standardized image characters. For instance, theutilization application 714 can include a web browser, a communicationapplication (e.g., instant messaging, e-mail, or chat), a social mediaapplication, a translation application, a marketing application, a wordprocessing application, a spreadsheet application, an image application(e.g., image viewing or image editing), or another application.

The utilization application 714 can communicate with and interact withother components of the character management system 700. For instance,the utilization application 714 can communicate with the standardizedimage character manager 712 to identify standardized image characters onthe client device 702 (e.g., via the standardized image characterlibrary 736). Similarly the utilization application 714 can interactwith the standardized image character manager 712 to conduct searcheswith regard to standardized image characters (as just described). In oneor more embodiments, the utilization application 714 can also directlycontact the server 704, the search facility 726, the server storagemanager 734, the marketing facility 728, the social graph 732, or othercomponents.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the utilization application 714comprises a communication application (e.g., an instant messagingapplication). The communication application can receive (e.g., via theuser input detector 708) a particular term to be included in anelectronic communication to a recipient. The utilization application 714can utilize the standardized image character manager 712 to identify astandardized image character on the client device 702 with a contextualmeaning that corresponds to the particular term. Moreover, theutilization application 714 can recommend the identified standardizedimage character.

Similarly, in one or more embodiments the utilization application 714includes a web browser that permits a user to access and search webpages. In such circumstances, the utilization application 714 canreceive user input (e.g., via the user input detector 708) of astandardized image character as part of a search query. The utilizationapplication 714 can communicate with the standardized image charactermanager 712, which contacts the search facility 726 to perform a searchof a repository of electronic documents with regard to the standardizedimage character and the search query.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the client device 702 also includes the devicestorage manager 716. The device storage manager 716 maintains data onthe client device 702 for the character management system 700. Thedevice storage manager 716 can maintain data of any type, size, or kind,as necessary to perform the functions of the character management system700.

As shown in FIG. 7, the device storage manager 716 includes standardizedimage character library 736. The standardized image character library736 includes data regarding one or more standardized image characters.In particular, the standardized image character library 736 includesdata regarding the coding, appearance, and/or meaning of standardizedimage characters.

For example, the standardized image character library 736 can includeone or more data files identifying all available standardized imagecharacters. For instance, the standardized image character library 736can include one or more data files that identify emoji and the Unicodecharacters that describe or define the emoji. Similarly, thestandardized image character library 736 can include one or more datafiles that identify images corresponding to emoji Unicode characters.

In addition, the standardized image character library 736 can includeone or more data files identifying contextual meaning. For example, thestandardized image character library 736 can periodically receive fromthe server 704 one or more data files identifying contextual meaningwith regard to one or more standardized image characters. In particularthe standardized image library 736 can include one or more data files inthe form of a database that includes entries that tie standardizedimages characters to one or more meanings, definitions, terms, orcharacters. Similarly, the standardized image library can include a datafile defining a semantic map with regard to a plurality of standardizedimage characters and/or other terms and characters.

Moreover, FIG. 7 also shows that the device storage manager 716 includesuser profile 740. User profile 740 includes one or more characteristicsregarding one or more users. In particular, user profile 740 can includecharacteristics regarding one or more users of the client device 702.The character management system 700 can utilize any information storedin user profile 740 to select, identify, recommend, search, or utilizestandardized image characters.

For example, user profile 740 can include information regarding age,location, language, ethnicity, or other demographic information.Similarly, user profile 740 can include information regarding a clientdevice associated with a user, such as device type, operating system, orapplications.

User profile 740 can also include information regarding userpreferences. For example, user profile 740 can include informationregarding a user's preferences with regard to particular standardizedimage characters. Thus, for example, user profile 740 can includeinformation indicating that a user prefers to use particular emoji.

Similarly, user profile 740 can also include information regarding prioruser conduct. For example, user profile 740 can include informationregarding a user's prior utilization of standardized image characters(or a user's prior utilization of text or other characters inconjunction with standardized image characters). Thus, user profile 740can include information indicating that a user routinely utilizes heartemoji when utilizing the word “cute.”

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 7, the server 704 includes the imagecharacter identifier 720. The image character identifier 720 can gather,identify, index, and/or compile one or more image characters from one ormore electronic documents. In particular, the image character identifier720 can identify standardized image characters from a repository ofelectronic documents (e.g., the electronic document repository 746).Moreover, the image character identifier 720 can identify standardizedimage characters regardless of form, platform, code base, syntax, orother variations.

For example, as described above, the image character identifier 720 canidentify all available standardized image characters across platformsand code bases. In particular, in in one or more embodiments the imagecharacter identifier 720 accesses a record of available standardizedimage characters and corresponding code points (e.g., a third-partyrecord stored on a remote server or a record stored on the serverstorage manager 734). Moreover, the image character identifier 720 canretrieve standardized image characters and corresponding code points forutilization in the character management system.

In addition, the image character identifier 720 can recognize newstandardized image characters as they develop. Indeed, in one or moreembodiments, the image character identifier 720 identifies updates to arecord of available standardized image characters. Accordingly the imagecharacter identifier can recognize and identify new standardized imagecharacters as they become available.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the server 704 also includes the repositorymanager 722. The repository manager 722 can identify, generate, create,build, manage, define, and/or provide access to one or more collectionsof electronic documents. In particular, the repository manager 722 cangenerate or access one or more collections of electronic documents thatcontain standardized image characters.

The repository manager 722 can manage different repositories ofelectronic documents for different purposes. For instance, therepository manager 722 can generate one or more repositories ofelectronic documents in order to generate a contextual meaning withregard to a standardized image character. In addition, the repositorymanager 722 can define another repository of electronic documents inorder to conduct a search query (e.g., identify a plurality of targetelectronic documents to search). Similarly, the repository manager 722can define another repository of electronic documents to conduct asearch directed to a targeted subset of electronic documents.

The repository manager 722 can operate in conjunction with anycollection of electronic documents. For instance, the repository manager722 can generate a repository of electronic documents comprising asingle file summarizing the contents of social media posts. Therepository manager 722 can also define (or provide access to) arepository of all electronic documents available on the Internet.Moreover, the repository manager 722 can generate a repository fromcomponents or parts of other electronic documents. For instance, therepository manager 722 can generate an index of tags from social mediaposts or comments.

As discussed in greater detail above, the repository manager 722 cangenerate or define a repository of electronic documents based on avariety of characteristics or factors. For instance, the repositorymanager 722 can generate a repository of electronic documents based ondemographic characteristics of one or more users, based oncharacteristics of a client device, based on time, based oncharacteristics of electronic documents, or other characteristics orfactors.

In this manner, the repository manger 722 can define a repository ofelectronic documents that meets the particular needs or functions of thecharacter management system 700. For instance, the repository manager722 can define a repository so as to identify a particularizedcontextual meaning with regard to one or more standardized imagecharacters and one or more populations (e.g., via the semantic engine724). For example, the repository manager 722 can define a repositoryspecific to a particular region to identify a particularized contextualmeaning with regard to standardized image characters in the particularregion. Similarly, the repository manager 722 can dynamically update therepository of electronic documents to provide dynamically updatedcontextual meaning with regard to one or more standardized imagecharacters.

Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the server 704 includes thesemantic engine 724. The semantic engine 724 can determine, identify,and/or calculate meaning with regard to one or more characters, images,or terms. In particular, the semantic engine 724 can determinecontextual meaning with regard to one or more standardized imagecharacters.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the semantic engine 724determines contextual meaning of a standardized image character based ona repository of electronic documents containing the standardized imagecharacter (e.g., a repository generated or defined by the repositorymanager 722). For instance, the semantic engine 724 can determinecontextual meaning by analyzing how the standardized image character isused in the repository of electronic documents.

In one or more embodiments, the semantic engine 724 utilizes naturallanguage processing to identify a contextual meaning from a repositoryof electronic documents. Specifically, in one or more embodiments, thesemantic engine 724 utilizes a word to vector algorithm that calculatesa vector representation with regard to contextual meaning for one ormore standardized image characters contained in a repository ofelectronic documents. More specifically, in one or more embodiments, thesemantic engine 724 utilizes a Gensim topic modeling algorithm toproduce a semantic map. As described above, in one or more embodiments,the semantic engine 724 produces a semantic map comprising a100-dimensional representation for words and emoji.

The semantic engine 724 can determine contextual meaning (e.g., generatea semantic map) with regard to a variety of semantic symbols. Forinstance, the semantic engine 724 can generate a semantic map thatembeds words, symbols, digital images and standardized character images.In this manner, the semantic engine 724 can identify semanticrelationships between standardized image characters and other words,symbols, digital images, etc.

Moreover, in one or more embodiments, the semantic engine 724 canfurther identify contextual meaning with regard to standardized imagecharacters by utilizing vector representations corresponding to thestandardized image characters. For instance, the semantic engine 724 canadd, subtract, multiply, or divide vector representations correspondingto standardized image characters. Thus, for example the semantic engine724 can identify a difference between vector representationscorresponding to two standardized image characters to determinedistinguishing characteristics between the two standardized images.

For example, in conducting a search, providing a recommendation,determining sentiment, or identifying a meaning of a particularstandardized image character, the semantic engine 724 can applyalgebraic operators to the standardized image characters to furtheridentify contextual meaning. For instance, if a user seeks to identifyan emoji that corresponds to a particular word, the character managementsystem 700 may identify two similar emoji corresponding to the word. Inone or more embodiments the semantic engine 724 can apply algebraicoperators to the two similar emoji to determine which emoji most closelyaligns to the particular word (e.g., subtract one vector representationfrom the other to determine if the remaining contextual meaningcorresponds to the particular word).

In addition to the semantic engine 724, as shown in FIG. 7, the server704 also includes the search facility 726. The search facility 726 canperform searches with regard to standardized image characters. Inparticular, the search facility 726 can compare contextual meaning ofone or more standardized image characters with one or more additionalterms or characters. For example, the search facility 726 can receive asearch query and conduct a search with regard to standardized imagecharacters within a repository of electronic documents (e.g., theelectronic document repository 746).

Thus, the search facility 726 can conduct a search based on standardizedimage characters and identify other standardized image characters (orother terms, images or characters) responsive to the search from arepository of electronic documents. Similarly, the search facility 726can conduct a search based on a word or image and identify standardizedimage characters and/or other terms or characters responsive to thesearch query from a repository of electronic documents.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the search facility 726 canreceive a search query from the client device 702 (e.g. via thecommunication manager 730). The search facility 726 can identify arepository of electronic documents to search (e.g., based on user inputfrom the user input detector 708 and the repository manager 722) andreceive a plurality of standardized image characters contained withinthe repository of electronic documents (e.g., from the image characteridentifier 720). Moreover, the search facility 726 can identifycontextual meaning (e.g., via the semantic engine 724) corresponding toeach of the identified standardized image characters. In addition, thesearch facility 726 can compare the search query to the contextualmeaning associated with each of the identified standardized imagecharacters. Based on the comparison, the search facility can identify acorrespondence (or a lack of correspondence) between the search queryand the contextual meaning of each of the identified standardized imagecharacters. In this manner, the search facility 726 can identifystandardized image characters corresponding to a search query withregard to an electronic document repository.

The search facility 726 can operate in conjunction with a variety ofsearch queries. For example, the search facility 726 can conductsearches based on a search query comprising a standardized imagecharacter. The search facility 726 can also conduct searches based on asearch query comprising other characters (e.g., words), a combination ofwords and standardized image characters, digital images, or othersemantic symbols.

For example, the search facility 726 can compare contextual meaning fora standardized image character with a word and identify a correspondence(or lack of correspondence) between the contextual meaning and the word.Similarly, the search facility 726 can compare contextual meaning for astandardized image character with another contextual meaning of anotherstandardized image character and identify a correspondence (or lack ofcorrespondence). In addition, the search facility 726 can compare acontextual meaning for a standardized image character with an image, acombination of text and standardized images, or any variety of othercombinations of characters or images.

Furthermore, the search facility 726 can identify a variety of searchresults. For instance, the search facility 726 can identify electronicdocuments responsive to a search query that comprise standardized imagecharacters, digital images, other characters (e.g., text), or acombination of standardized image characters and words.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the server 704 also includes the marketingfacility 728. The marketing facility 728 can utilize standardized imagecharacters to receive, generate, and/or provide analysis with regard tomarketing and standardized image characters. For instance, the marketingfacility 728 can determine sentiment with regard to one or moreconsumers utilizing standardized image characters. The marketingfacility 728 can also provide summaries, reports, analyses, and otherinformation regarding standardized image characters utilized inmarketing.

For example, the marketing facility 728 can receive a plurality ofelectronic documents (e.g., via the electronic document repository 746and/or the repository manager 722) reflecting consumer communicationsregarding a product, brand, or company. The marketing facility 728 canreceive (via the semantic engine 724) contextual meanings with regard toa plurality of standardized image characters contained within theplurality of electronic documents. Utilizing the contextual meaning, themarketing facility 728 can translate the standardized image charactersinto a consumer sentiment. For example, the marketing facility 728 cantranslate the standardized image characters to a positive sentiment ornegative sentiment.

The marketing facility 728 can generate a variety of summaries, reports,and analyses regarding consumer sentiment. For instance, the marketingfacility 728 can identify sentiment with regard to a variety ofdemographic information (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender) or othercharacteristics (e.g., device type, application utilized, operatingsystem). The marketing facility 728 can also provide summaries, reports,and analyses to a corresponding merchant (e.g., via the client device702).

As shown in FIG. 7, the server 704 also includes the communicationmanager 730. The communication manager 730 can facilitate receiving andsending data. In particular, the communication manager 730 canfacilitate sending and receiving electronic communications.Specifically, the communication manager 730 can receive and sendelectronic communications between the client device 702 and anotherclient device. For example, the communication manager 730 can packagecontent to be included in an electronic communication and format theelectronic communication in any necessary form that is able to be sentthrough one or more communication channels and using an appropriatecommunication protocol. Furthermore, the communication manager 730 canfacilitate communication between the server 704 and the client device702.

As further illustrated in FIG. 7, in the case of the charactermanagement 700 system comprising a social-networking system, thecharacter management system 700 may include a social graph 732 forrepresenting and analyzing a plurality of users and concepts. As shownin FIG. 7, the social graph 732 can include node information 742 thatstores information comprising nodes for users, nodes for concepts,and/or nodes for items. In addition, the social graph 732 can includeedge information 744 comprising relationships between nodes and/oractions occurring within the social-networking system. Further detailregarding social-networking systems, social graphs, edges, and nodes ispresented below.

As shown in FIG. 7, the server 704 may also contain the server storagemanager 734. The server storage manager 734 maintains data for thecharacter management system 700 on the server 704. The server storagemanager 734 can maintain data of any type, size, or kind, as necessaryto perform the functions of the character management system 700.

As illustrated, the server storage manager 734 includes the electronicdocument repository 746. The electronic document repository 746 includesany collection of electronic documents. For instance, the electronicdocument repository 746 can comprise a collection of social media posts,a collection of tags corresponding to social media posts or comments, ora collection of any other type of document. In one or more embodiments,the electronic document repository 746 can comprise electronic documentsavailable via the Internet (e.g., documents accessible via the worldwide web). Moreover, the electronic document repository 746 can includeany collection of documents described above with regard to therepository manager 722.

As shown in FIG. 7, the server storage manager 734 also includes theserver standardized image character library 748. The server standardizedimage character library 748 includes data regarding one or morestandardized image characters. In particular, the server standardizedimage character library 748 includes data regarding the coding,appearance, or meaning of standardized image characters.

In one or more embodiments, the server 704 can transfer data from theserver standardized image character library 748 to the client device 702(e.g., the standardized image character library 736). For instance, inone or more embodiments, the server 704 can dynamically update theserver standardized image character library 748 (e.g., to reflectupdated contextual meaning with regard to standardized imagecharacters). The character management system 700 can also dynamicallyupdate the client device 702 (e.g., the standardized image characterlibrary 736) to reflect changes to the server standardized image library748.

Additional or alternatively, the character management system 700 canprovide a portion of the server standardized image character library 748to the client device 702. For example, the server standardized imagecharacter library 748 may contain a large volume of data irrelevant to auser of the client device 702 (e.g., contextual meaning data regardinglanguages not utilized by the client device 702). Accordingly, in one ormore embodiments, the character management system 700 provides only aportion of the server standardized image character library 748 to theclient device 702. For example, the character management system 700 canprovide a portion of the server standardized image character library 748that corresponds to standardized image characters routinely utilized bythe user. Similarly, the character management system 700 can provide aportion of the server standardized image character library 748 thatcorresponds to certain characteristics or factors associated with a userof the client device 702 (e.g., a location, language, or operatingsystem associated with the client device 702).

As shown in FIG. 7, the server storage manager 734 also includes serveruser profiles 750. Server user profiles 750 include user profiles withregard to a plurality of users. In particular, the server user profiles750 include user profiles with regard to users of the charactermanagement system 700 or a social-networking system.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the character management system700—subject to permission and privacy setting applicable to the clientdevice 702 and users of the client device 702—can receive informationfrom the user profile 740. Moreover, the character management system 700can aggregate information with regard to other users to the server userprofiles 750. Thus, the server user profiles 750 can include datadiscussed previously with regard to user profile 740 from a plurality ofusers.

As discussed previously, various components of the character managementsystem 700 can utilize the server user profiles 750 to perform theiroperations. For instance, the utilization application 714 can identify arecipient of an electronic communication, the character managementsystem 700 can identify one or more characteristics of the recipientbased on the server user profiles 750 (e.g., a language utilized by therecipient), and the character management system can determine acontextual meaning of the standardized image characteristics based onthe one or more characteristics of the recipient.

Similarly, the repository manager 722 can utilize the server userprofiles 750 to identify electronic documents to include in theelectronic document repository 746. For example, the repository manager722 can create a repository of electronic documents from a particularlocation by identifying users from a particular location (based on theserver user profiles 750) and collecting documents created by the usersfrom the particular location.

Each of the components 706-734 of the character management system 700and their corresponding elements may be in communication with oneanother using any suitable communication technologies. It will berecognized that although components 706-734 and their correspondingelements are shown to be separate in FIG. 7, any of components 706-734and their corresponding elements may be combined into fewer components,such as into a single facility or module, divided into more components,or configured into different components as may serve a particularembodiment.

The components 706-734 and their corresponding elements can comprisesoftware, hardware, or both. For example, the components 706-734 andtheir corresponding elements can comprise one or more instructionsstored on a computer-readable storage medium and executable byprocessors of one or more computing devices. When executed by the one ormore processors, the computer-executable instructions of the charactermanagement system 700 can cause the client device 702 and/or the server704 to perform the methods described herein. Alternatively, thecomponents 706-734 and their corresponding elements can comprisehardware, such as a special purpose processing device to perform acertain function or group of functions. Additionally or alternatively,the components 706-734 and their corresponding elements can comprise acombination of computer-executable instructions and hardware.

Furthermore, the components 706-734 of the character management system700 may, for example, be implemented as one or more stand-aloneapplications, as one or more modules of an application, as one or moreplug-ins, as one or more library functions or functions that may becalled by other applications, and/or as a cloud-computing model. Thus,the components 706-734 of the character management system 700 may beimplemented as a stand-alone application, such as a desktop or mobileapplication. Furthermore, the components 706-734 of the charactermanagement system 700 may be implemented as one or more web-basedapplications hosted on a remote server. Alternatively or additionally,the components of the character management system 700 may be implementedin a suit of mobile device applications or “apps.”

Turning now to FIG. 8, further information will be provided regardingimplementation of the character management system 700. Specifically,FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an exemplarysystem environment (“environment”) 800 in which the character managementsystem 700 can operate. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the environment 800can include client devices 802 a-802 n, a network 804, and server(s)806. The client devices 802 a-802 n, the network 804, and the server(s)806 may be communicatively coupled with each other either directly orindirectly (e.g., through the network 804). The client devices 802 a-802n, the network 804, and the server(s) 806 may communicate using anycommunication platforms and technologies suitable for transporting dataand/or communication signals, including any known communicationtechnologies, devices, media, and protocols supportive of remote datacommunications, examples of which will be described in more detailbelow.

As just mentioned, and as illustrated in FIG. 8, the environment 800 caninclude the client devices 802 a-802 n. The client devices 802 a-802 n(e.g., the client device 702 or the computing devices 300, 400, 500, and600) may comprise any type of computing device. For example, the clientdevices 802 a-802 n may comprise one or more personal computers, laptopcomputers, mobile devices, mobile phones, tablets, special purposecomputers, TVs, or other computing devices. In one or more embodiments,the client devices 802 a-802 n may comprise computing devices capable ofcommunicating with each other or the server(s) 806. The client devices802 a-802 n may comprise one or more computing devices as discussed ingreater detail below.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, the client devices 802 a-802 n and/or theserver(s) 806 may communicate via the network 804. The network 804 mayrepresent a network or collection of networks (such as the Internet, acorporate intranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local areanetwork (LAN), a wireless local network (WLAN), a cellular network, awide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or acombination of two or more such networks. Thus, the network 804 may beany suitable network over which the client devices 802 a-802 n (or othercomponents) may access the server(s) 806 or vice versa. The network 804will be discussed in more detail below.

Moreover, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the environment 800 also includesthe server(s) 806. The server(s) 806 (e.g., the server 704) maygenerate, store, receive, and/or transmit any type of data, including astandardized image character library (e.g., the server standardizedimage character library 748), user profile 740, search queries, searchresults, or electronic communications. For example, the server(s) 806may receive data from the client device 802 a and send the data to theclient device 802 b. In one example, server(s) 806 can host a socialnetwork. In one or more embodiments, the server(s) 806 may comprise adata server. The server(s) 806 can also comprise a communication serveror a web-hosting server. Regardless, the server(s) 806 can be configuredto receive a wide range of electronic documents or communications,including but not limited to, text messages, instant messages,social-networking messages, social-networking posts, emails, tags,comments, and any other form of electronic communications or electronicdocuments. Additional details regarding the server(s) 806 will bediscussed below.

Although FIG. 8 illustrates three client devices 802 a-802 n, it will beappreciated that the client devices 802 a-802 n can represent any numberof computing devices (fewer or greater than shown). Similarly, althoughFIG. 8 illustrates a particular arrangement of the client devices 802a-802 n, the network 804, and the server(s) 806, various additionalarrangements are possible.

In addition to the elements of the environment 800, one or more usersuser can be associated with each of the client devices 802 a-802 n. Forexample, users may be individuals (i.e., human users). The environment800 can include a single user or a large number of users, with each ofthe users interacting with the character management system 700 through acorresponding number of computing devices. For example, a user caninteract with the client device 802 a for the purpose of composing andsending an electronic communication (e.g., instant message). The usermay interact with the client device 802 a by way of a user interface onthe client device 802 a. For example, the user can utilize the userinterface to cause the client device 802 a to create and send anelectronic communication to one or more of the plurality of users of thecharacter management system 700.

By way of an additional example, in one or more embodiments theserver(s) 806 (e.g., the server 704) gathers social media posts,comments, content, and tags provided by the client devices 802 a-802 n(e.g., via the utilization application 714 interacting with the socialgraph 732). The server(s) 806 compiles a repository of electronicdocuments (e.g., the electronic document repository 746) from thegathered social media posts, comments, and tags. Moreover, the server(s)806 determines contextual meaning with regard to a plurality ofstandardized image characters within the repository of electronicdocuments (e.g., utilizing the image character identifier 720, therepository manager 722, and the semantic engine 724). Moreover, theclient device 802 a (e.g., the client device 702) can provide a searchquery with regard to a second repository of electronic documents to theserver(s) 806 (e.g., via the utilization application 714 and thestandardized image character manager 712). The server(s) 806 can conducta search with regard to standardized image characters based on thedetermined contextual meaning (e.g., via the search facility 726), andprovide responsive electronic documents to the client device 802 a.

As illustrated by the previous example embodiment, the charactermanagement system 700 may be implemented in whole, or in part, by theindividual elements 802 a-806 of the environment 800. Although theprevious example, described certain components of the charactermanagement system 700 implemented with regard to certain components ofthe environment 800, it will be appreciated that components of thecharacter management system 700 can be implemented in any of thecomponents of the environment 800. For example, in one or moreembodiments, the image character identifier 720 can be implemented onthe client device 802 a. Similarly, in one or more embodiments, theutilization application 714 may be implemented (in whole or in part) onthe server(s) 806.

FIGS. 1-8, the corresponding text, and the examples, provide a number ofdifferent systems and devices that allows a user to identify and utilizestandardized image characters. In addition to the foregoing, embodimentscan also be described in terms of flowcharts comprising acts and stepsin a method for accomplishing a particular result. For example, FIGS. 9and 10 illustrate flowcharts of exemplary methods in accordance with oneor more embodiments of the present invention. The methods described inrelation to FIGS. 9 and 10 may be performed with less or more steps/actsor the steps/acts may be performed in differing orders. Additionally,the steps/acts described herein may be repeated or performed in parallelwith one another or in parallel with different instances of the same orsimilar steps/acts.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts in a method 900 ofidentifying and utilizing standardized characters in accordance with oneor more embodiments. In one or more embodiments, the method 900 isperformed in a digital medium environment that includes the charactermanagement system 700. The method 900 is intended to be illustrative ofone or more methods in accordance with the present disclosure, and isnot intended to limit potential embodiments. Alternative embodiments caninclude additional, fewer, or different steps than those articulated inFIG. 9.

The method 900 includes an act 910 of identifying standardized imagecharacters. In particular, the act 910 includes identifying a pluralityof standardized image characters from a repository of electronicdocuments. In particular, in one or more embodiments the plurality ofstandardized image characters comprise standardized image charactersfrom different platforms, standardized image characters from differentcodebases, and standardized image characters utilizing different numbersof code points.

As shown in FIG. 9, the method 900 also includes an act 920 ofdetermining a contextual meaning. In particular, the act 920 can includedetermining, by at least one processor, a contextual meaning for theplurality of standardized image characters based on the manner in whichthe standardized image characters are utilized in the repository ofelectronic documents. For instance, the act 920 can include utilizing aword to vector algorithm in conjunction with the repository ofelectronic documents and the standardized image characters.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, the method 900 also includes an act 930 ofreceiving a search query. In particular, the act 930 can includereceiving a search query from a client device. For example, the act 930can include receiving a standardized image character and a request tosearch a plurality of target electronic documents based on thestandardized image character. Moreover, the act 930 can includereceiving search content and a request to search a plurality of targetelectronic documents based on the search content.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 9, the method 900 includes an act 940 ofproviding results of the search query utilizing the contextual meaning.In particular, the act 940 can include providing, by the at least oneprocessor, results of the search query to the client device utilizingthe identified contextual meaning for at least one of the plurality ofstandardized image characters. In one or more embodiments, the act 940includes conducting a search utilizing the contextual meaning of thereceived standardized image character. In addition, the act 940 caninclude identifying one or more standardized image characters within theplurality of target electronic documents, the identified one or morestandardized image characters being a subset of the plurality ofstandardized image characters. Moreover, the act 940 can includecomparing the search content and the contextual meaning of theidentified one or more standardized image characters within theplurality of target electronic documents. Furthermore, the act 940 caninclude providing for display, based on the comparison of the searchcontent and the contextual meaning of the identified one or morestandardized image characters within the plurality of target electronicdocuments, at least one of the one or more standardized image characterswithin the plurality of target electronic documents.

For instance, in one or more embodiments, the search content comprises afirst standardized image character. Moreover, in one or more embodimentscomparing the search content and the contextual meaning of theidentified one or more standardized image characters comprises comparingthe contextual meaning of the first standardized image character and thecontextual meaning of the one or more standardized image characters.

Similarly, in one or more embodiments, the search content furthercomprises text. Moreover, in one or more embodiments comparing thesearch content and the contextual meaning of the identified one or morestandardized image characters further comprises comparing the contextualmeaning of the first standardized image character, the text, and thecontextual meaning of the one or more standardized image characters.

In addition, in one or more embodiments, the search content comprises animage. Moreover, in one or more embodiments, comparing the searchcontent and the contextual meaning of the identified one or morestandardized image characters further comprises identifying one or morefeatures of the image and comparing the one or more features of theimage and the contextual meaning of the one or more standardized imagecharacters.

Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, the repository of electronicdocuments reflects electronic documents generated by users sharing afirst characteristic. Moreover, the method 900 can further includeidentifying the plurality of standardized image characters from a secondrepository of electronic documents, the second repository of electronicdocuments reflecting electronic documents generated by users sharing asecond common characteristic. Similarly, the method 900 can includeidentifying, by at least one processor, a second contextual meaning foreach of the plurality of standardized image characters based on themanner in which each of the standardized image characters are utilizedin the second repository of electronic documents. In addition, themethod 900 can include receiving a search query from a second clientdevice; determining that the search query corresponds to a user with thesecond common characteristic; and providing, by the at least oneprocessor, results of the search query to the client device utilizingthe identified second contextual meaning of at least one of thestandardized image characters.

As mentioned previously, FIG. 10 illustrates another flowchart of aseries of acts in a method 1000 of identifying and utilizingstandardized image characters in accordance with one or moreembodiments. As shown, the method 1000 includes an act 1010 of detectinguser input of digital content. For instance, the digital content cancomprise text and a first standardized image character. Similarly, thedigital content can comprise an image. In addition, the act 1010 caninclude detecting user input of a first standardized image character.

As illustrated in FIG. 10, the method 1000 also includes an act 1020 ofaccessing a standardized image character library including contextualmeaning of standardized image characters. In particular, the act 1020can include accessing a standardized image character library, thestandardized image character library including contextual meanings for aplurality of standardized image characters based on the manner in whichthe standardized image characters are utilized in a plurality ofelectronic documents.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 10, the method 1000 also includes the act1030 of recommending a standardized image character based on the digitalcontent and the contextual meaning. In particular, the act 1030 caninclude recommending a standardized image character to the user based onthe digital content and the contextual meanings of the plurality ofstandardized image characters. Moreover, the act 1030 can includecomparing the digital content with the contextual meaning for theplurality of standardized image characters; and identifying thestandardized image character based on the comparison. In addition, theact 1030 can include identifying a contextual meaning of the firststandardized image character; and recommending the standardized imagecharacter based on the contextual meaning of the first standardizedimage character and a contextual meaning of the standardized imagecharacter.

Furthermore, the method 1000 can also include determining an incongruitybetween the text and the first standardized image character. Moreover,the method 1000 can include comparing the text and the contextualmeanings for the plurality of standardized image characters; and basedon the determined incongruity and the comparison between the text andthe contextual meanings for the plurality of standardized imagecharacters, recommending the standardize image character to the user.

In addition, the method 1000 can also include identifying one or morefeatures of the image. Moreover, the method 1000 can include determininga congruity between the one or more features of the image and acontextual meaning of the standardized image; and recommending thestandardized image character to the user based on the determinedcongruity

FIG. 11 illustrates, in block diagram form, an exemplary computingdevice 1100 that may be configured to perform one or more of theprocesses described above. One will appreciate that character managementsystem 700, the client device 702, the server 704, the client devices802 a-802 n, sever(s) 806, and the environment 800 comprise one or morecomputing devices in accordance with implementations of computing device1100. As shown by FIG. 11, the computing device can comprise a processor1102, a memory 1104, a storage device 1106, an I/O interface 1108, and acommunication interface 1110, which may be communicatively coupled byway of communication infrastructure 1112. While an exemplary computingdevice 1100 is shown in FIG. 11, the components illustrated in FIG. 11are not intended to be limiting. Additional or alternative componentsmay be used in other embodiments. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, acomputing device 1100 can include fewer components than those shown inFIG. 11. Components of computing device 1100 shown in FIG. 11 will nowbe described in additional detail.

In particular embodiments, processor 1102 includes hardware forexecuting instructions, such as those making up a computer program. Asan example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions,processor 1102 may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internalregister, an internal cache, memory 1104, or storage device 1106 anddecode and execute them. In particular embodiments, processor 1102 mayinclude one or more internal caches for data, instructions, oraddresses. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor 1102may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, andone or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in theinstruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory 1104 orstorage 1106.

Memory 1104 may be used for storing data, metadata, and programs forexecution by the processor(s). Memory 1104 may include one or more ofvolatile and non-volatile memories, such as Random Access Memory(“RAM”), Read Only Memory (“ROM”), a solid state disk (“SSD”), Flash,Phase Change Memory (“PCM”), or other types of data storage. Memory 1104may be internal or distributed memory.

Storage device 1106 includes storage for storing data or instructions.As an example and not by way of limitation, storage device 1106 cancomprise a non-transitory storage medium described above. Storage device1106 may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flashmemory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or aUniversal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination of two or more ofthese. Storage device 1106 may include removable or non-removable (orfixed) media, where appropriate. Storage device 1106 may be internal orexternal to the computing device 1100. In particular embodiments,storage device 1106 is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In otherembodiments, Storage device 1106 includes read-only memory (ROM). Whereappropriate, this ROM may be mask programmed ROM, programmable ROM(PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM),electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a combination oftwo or more of these.

I/O interface 1108 allows a user to provide input to, receive outputfrom, and otherwise transfer data to and receive data from computingdevice 1100. I/O interface 1108 may include a mouse, a keypad or akeyboard, a touch screen, a camera, an optical scanner, networkinterface, modem, other known I/O devices or a combination of such I/Ointerfaces. I/O interface 1108 may include one or more devices forpresenting output to a user, including, but not limited to, a graphicsengine, a display (e.g., a display screen), one or more output drivers(e.g., display drivers), one or more audio speakers, and one or moreaudio drivers. In certain embodiments, I/O interface 1108 is configuredto provide graphical data to a display for presentation to a user. Thegraphical data may be representative of one or more graphical userinterfaces and/or any other graphical content as may serve a particularimplementation.

Communication interface 1110 can include hardware, software, or both. Inany event, communication interface 1110 can provide one or moreinterfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-basedcommunication) between computing device 1100 and one or more othercomputing devices or networks. As an example and not by way oflimitation, communication interface 1110 may include a network interfacecontroller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernetor other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapterfor communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI.

Additionally or alternatively, communication interface 1110 mayfacilitate communications with an ad hoc network, a personal areanetwork (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), ametropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internetor a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one ormore of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example,communication interface 1110 may facilitate communications with awireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FInetwork, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, forexample, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), orother suitable wireless network or a combination thereof.

Communication infrastructure 1112 may include hardware, software, orboth that couples components of computing device 1100 to each other. Asan example and not by way of limitation, communication infrastructure1112 may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphicsbus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-sidebus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry StandardArchitecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count(LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, aPeripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe) bus, aserial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video ElectronicsStandards Association local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or acombination thereof.

As mentioned above, environment 800 may be linked to and/or implementedwithin a social-networking system. A social-networking system may enableits users (such as persons or organizations) to interact with the systemand with each other. The social-networking system may, with input from auser, create and store in the social-networking system a user profileassociated with the user. The user profile may include demographicinformation, communication-channel information, and information onpersonal interests of the user. The social-networking system may also,with input from a user, create and store a record of relationships ofthe user with other users of the social-networking system, as well asprovide services (e.g. wall posts, photo-sharing, event organization,messaging, games, or advertisements) to facilitate social interactionbetween or among users.

The social-networking system may store records of users andrelationships between users in a social graph comprising a plurality ofnodes and a plurality of edges connecting the nodes. The nodes maycomprise a plurality of user nodes and a plurality of concept nodes. Auser node of the social graph may correspond to a user of thesocial-networking system. A user may be an individual (human user), anentity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third party application), or agroup (e.g., of individuals or entities). A user node corresponding to auser may comprise information provided by the user and informationgathered by various systems, including the social-networking system.

For example, the user may provide his or her name, profile picture, cityof residence, contact information, birth date, gender, marital status,family status, employment, educational background, preferences,interests, and other demographic information to be included in the usernode. Each user node of the social graph may have a corresponding webpage (typically known as a profile page). In response to a requestincluding a user name, the social-networking system can access a usernode corresponding to the user name, and construct a profile pageincluding the name, a profile picture, and other information associatedwith the user. A profile page of a first user may display to a seconduser all or a portion of the first user's information based on one ormore privacy settings by the first user and the relationship between thefirst user and the second user.

A concept node may correspond to a concept of the social-networkingsystem. For example, a concept can represent a real-world entity, suchas a movie, a song, a sports team, a celebrity, a group, a restaurant,or a place or a location. An administrative user of a concept nodecorresponding to a concept may create or update the concept node byproviding information of the concept (e.g., by filling out an onlineform), causing the social-networking system to associate the informationwith the concept node. For example and without limitation, informationassociated with a concept can include a name or a title, one or moreimages (e.g., an image of cover page of a book), a web site (e.g., anURL address) or contact information (e.g., a phone number, an emailaddress). Each concept node of the social graph may correspond to a webpage. For example, in response to a request including a name, thesocial-networking system can access a concept node corresponding to thename, and construct a web page including the name and other informationassociated with the concept.

An edge between a pair of nodes may represent a relationship between thepair of nodes. For example, an edge between two user nodes can representa friendship between two users. For another example, thesocial-networking system may construct a web page (or a structureddocument) of a concept node (e.g., a restaurant, a celebrity),incorporating one or more selectable buttons (e.g., “like”, “check in”)in the web page. A user can access the page using a web browser hostedby the user's client device and select a selectable button, causing theclient device to transmit to the social-networking system a request tocreate an edge between a user node of the user and a concept node of theconcept, indicating a relationship between the user and the concept(e.g., the user checks in to a restaurant, or the user “likes” acelebrity).

As an example, a user may provide (or change) his or her city ofresidence, causing the social-networking system to create an edgebetween a user node corresponding to the user and a concept nodecorresponding to the city declared by the user as his or her city ofresidence. In addition, the degree of separation between any two nodesis defined as the minimum number of hops required to traverse the socialgraph from one node to the other. A degree of separation between twonodes can be considered a measure of relatedness between the users orthe concepts represented by the two nodes in the social graph. Forexample, two users having user nodes that are directly connected by anedge (i.e., are first-degree nodes) may be described as “connectedusers” or “friends.” Similarly, two users having user nodes that areconnected only through another user node (i.e., are second-degree nodes)may be described as “friends of friends.”

A social-networking system may support a variety of applications, suchas photo sharing, on-line calendars and events, gaming, instantmessaging, and advertising. For example, the social-networking systemmay also include media sharing capabilities. Also, the social-networkingsystem may allow users to post photographs and other multimedia files toa user's profile page (typically known as “wall posts” or “timelineposts”) or in a photo album, both of which may be accessible to otherusers of the social-networking system depending upon the user'sconfigured privacy settings. The social-networking system may also allowusers to configure events. For example, a first user may configure anevent with attributes including time and date of the event, location ofthe event and other users invited to the event. The invited users mayreceive invitations to the event and respond (such as by accepting theinvitation or declining it). Furthermore, the social-networking systemmay allow users to maintain a personal calendar. Similarly to events,the calendar entries may include times, dates, locations and identitiesof other users.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example network environment of asocial-networking system. In particular embodiments, a social-networkingsystem 1202 may comprise one or more data stores. In particularembodiments, the social-networking system 1202 may store a social graphcomprising user nodes, concept nodes, and edges between nodes asdescribed earlier. Each user node may comprise one or more data objectscorresponding to information associated with or describing a user. Eachconcept node may comprise one or more data objects corresponding toinformation associated with a concept. Each edge between a pair of nodesmay comprise one or more data objects corresponding to informationassociated with a relationship between users (or between a user and aconcept, or between concepts) corresponding to the pair of nodes.

In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 1202 maycomprise one or more computing devices (e.g., servers) hostingfunctionality directed to operation of the social-networking system1202. A user of the social-networking system 1202 may access thesocial-networking system 1202 using a client device such as clientdevice 1206. In particular embodiments, the client device 1206 caninteract with the social-networking system 1202 through a network 1204.

The client device 1206 may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, atablet computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an in- orout-of-car navigation system, a smart phone or other cellular or mobilephone, or a mobile gaming device, other mobile device, or other suitablecomputing devices. Client device 1206 may execute one or more clientapplications, such as a web browser (e.g., Microsoft Windows InternetExplorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Opera, etc.) ora native or special-purpose client application (e.g., Facebook foriPhone or iPad, Facebook for Android, etc.), to access and view contentover network 1204.

Network 1204 may represent a network or collection of networks (such asthe Internet, a corporate intranet, a virtual private network (VPN), alocal area network (LAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), acellular network, a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network(MAN), or a combination of two or more such networks) over which clientdevices 1206 may access the social-networking system 1202.

While these methods, systems, and user interfaces utilize both publiclyavailable information as well as information provided by users of thesocial-networking system, all use of such information is to beexplicitly subject to all privacy settings of the involved users and theprivacy policy of the social-networking system as a whole.

FIG. 13 illustrates example social graph 1300. In particularembodiments, social networking system 1202 may store one or more socialgraphs 1300 in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments,social graph 1300 may include multiple nodes—which may include multipleuser nodes 1302 or multiple concept nodes 1304—and multiple edges 1306connecting the nodes. Example social graph 1300 illustrated in FIG. 13is shown, for didactic purposes, in a two-dimensional visual maprepresentation. In particular embodiments, a social networking system1202, client device 1206, or third-party system 1208 may access socialgraph 1300 and related social-graph information for suitableapplications. The nodes and edges of social graph 1300 may be stored asdata objects, for example, in a data store (such as a social-graphdatabase). Such a data store may include one or more searchable or queryable indexes of nodes or edges of social graph 1300.

In particular embodiments, a user node 1302 may correspond to a user ofsocial networking system 1202. As an example and not by way oflimitation, a user may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g.,an enterprise, business, or third-party application), or a group (e.g.,of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or oversocial networking system 1202. In particular embodiments, when a userregisters for an account with social networking system 1202, socialnetworking system 1202 may create a user node 1302 corresponding to theuser, and store the user node 1302 in one or more data stores. Users anduser nodes 1302 described herein may, where appropriate, refer toregistered users and user nodes 1302 associated with registered users.In addition or as an alternative, users and user nodes 1302 describedherein may, where appropriate, refer to users that have not registeredwith social networking system 1202. In particular embodiments, a usernode 1302 may be associated with information provided by a user orinformation gathered by various systems, including social networkingsystem 1202. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user mayprovide his or her name, profile picture, contact information, birthdate, sex, marital status, family status, employment, educationbackground, preferences, interests, or other demographic information.Each user node of the social graph may have a corresponding web page(typically known as a profile page). In response to a request includinga user name, the social networking system can access a user nodecorresponding to the user name, and construct a profile page includingthe name, a profile picture, and other information associated with theuser. A profile page of a first user may display to a second user all ora portion of the first user's information based on one or more privacysettings by the first user and the relationship between the first userand the second user.

In particular embodiments, a concept node 1304 may correspond to aconcept. As an example and not by way of limitation, a concept maycorrespond to a place (such as, for example, a movie theater,restaurant, landmark, or city); a website (such as, for example, awebsite associated with social-network system 1202 or a third-partywebsite associated with a web-application server); an entity (such as,for example, a person, business, group, sports team, or celebrity); aresource (such as, for example, an audio file, video file, digitalphoto, text file, structured document, or application) which may belocated within social networking system 1202 or on an external server,such as a web-application server; real or intellectual property (suchas, for example, a sculpture, painting, movie, game, song, idea,photograph, or written work); a game; an activity; an idea or theory;another suitable concept; or two or more such concepts. A concept node1304 may be associated with information of a concept provided by a useror information gathered by various systems, including social networkingsystem 1202. As an example and not by way of limitation, information ofa concept may include a name or a title; one or more images (e.g., animage of the cover page of a book); a location (e.g., an address or ageographical location); a website (which may be associated with a URL);contact information (e.g., a phone number or an email address); othersuitable concept information; or any suitable combination of suchinformation. In particular embodiments, a concept node 1304 may beassociated with one or more data objects corresponding to informationassociated with concept node 1304. In particular embodiments, a conceptnode 1304 may correspond to one or more webpages.

In particular embodiments, a node in social graph 1300 may represent orbe represented by a webpage (which may be referred to as a “profilepage”). Profile pages may be hosted by or accessible to socialnetworking system 1202. Profile pages may also be hosted on third-partywebsites associated with a third-party server 1208. As an example andnot by way of limitation, a profile page corresponding to a particularexternal webpage may be the particular external webpage and the profilepage may correspond to a particular concept node 1304. Profile pages maybe viewable by all or a selected subset of other users. As an exampleand not by way of limitation, a user node 1302 may have a correspondinguser-profile page in which the corresponding user may add content, makedeclarations, or otherwise express himself or herself. As anotherexample and not by way of limitation, a concept node 1304 may have acorresponding concept-profile page in which one or more users may addcontent, make declarations, or express themselves, particularly inrelation to the concept corresponding to concept node 1304.

In particular embodiments, a concept node 1304 may represent athird-party webpage or resource hosted by a third-party system 1208. Thethird-party webpage or resource may include, among other elements,content, a selectable or other icon, or other inter-actable object(which may be implemented, for example, in JavaScript, AJAX, or PHPcodes) representing an action or activity. As an example and not by wayof limitation, a third-party webpage may include a selectable icon suchas “like,” “check in,” “eat,” “recommend,” or another suitable action oractivity. A user viewing the third-party webpage may perform an actionby selecting one of the icons (e.g., “eat”), causing a client system1206 to send to social networking system 1202 a message indicating theuser's action. In response to the message, social networking system 1202may create an edge (e.g., an “eat” edge) between a user node 1302corresponding to the user and a concept node 1304 corresponding to thethird-party webpage or resource and store edge 1306 in one or more datastores.

In particular embodiments, a pair of nodes in social graph 1300 may beconnected to each other by one or more edges 1306. An edge 1306connecting a pair of nodes may represent a relationship between the pairof nodes. In particular embodiments, an edge 1306 may include orrepresent one or more data objects or attributes corresponding to therelationship between a pair of nodes. As an example and not by way oflimitation, a first user may indicate that a second user is a “friend”of the first user. In response to this indication, social networkingsystem 1202 may send a “friend request” to the second user. If thesecond user confirms the “friend request,” social networking system 1202may create an edge 1306 connecting the first user's user node 1302 tothe second user's user node 1302 in social graph 1300 and store edge1306 as social-graph information in one or more of data stores. In theexample of FIG. 13, social graph 1300 includes an edge 1306 indicating afriend relation between user nodes 1302 of user “A” and user “B” and anedge indicating a friend relation between user nodes 1302 of user “C”and user “B.” Although this disclosure describes or illustratesparticular edges 1306 with particular attributes connecting particularuser nodes 1302, this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges 1306with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes 1302. As an exampleand not by way of limitation, an edge 1306 may represent a friendship,family relationship, business or employment relationship, fanrelationship, follower relationship, visitor relationship, subscriberrelationship, superior/subordinate relationship, reciprocalrelationship, non-reciprocal relationship, another suitable type ofrelationship, or two or more such relationships. Moreover, although thisdisclosure generally describes nodes as being connected, this disclosurealso describes users or concepts as being connected. Herein, referencesto users or concepts being connected may, where appropriate, refer tothe nodes corresponding to those users or concepts being connected insocial graph 1300 by one or more edges 1306.

In particular embodiments, an edge 1306 between a user node 1302 and aconcept node 1304 may represent a particular action or activityperformed by a user associated with user node 1302 toward a conceptassociated with a concept node 1304. As an example and not by way oflimitation, as illustrated in FIG. 13, a user may “like,” “attended,”“played,” “listened,” “cooked,” “worked at,” or “watched” a concept,each of which may correspond to a edge type or subtype. Aconcept-profile page corresponding to a concept node 1304 may include,for example, a selectable “check in” icon (such as, for example, aclickable “check in” icon) or a selectable “add to favorites” icon.Similarly, after a user clicks these icons, social networking system1202 may create a “favorite” edge or a “check in” edge in response to auser's action corresponding to a respective action. As another exampleand not by way of limitation, a user (user “C”) may listen to aparticular song (“Ramble On”) using a particular application (SPOTIFY,which is an online music application). In this case, social networkingsystem 1202 may create a “listened” edge 1306 and a “used” edge (asillustrated in FIG. 13) between user nodes 1302 corresponding to theuser and concept nodes 1304 corresponding to the song and application toindicate that the user listened to the song and used the application.Moreover, social networking system 1202 may create a “played” edge 1306(as illustrated in FIG. 13) between concept nodes 1304 corresponding tothe song and the application to indicate that the particular song wasplayed by the particular application. In this case, “played” edge 1306corresponds to an action performed by an external application (SPOTIFY)on an external audio file (the song “Imagine”). Although this disclosuredescribes particular edges 1306 with particular attributes connectinguser nodes 1302 and concept nodes 1304, this disclosure contemplates anysuitable edges 1306 with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes1302 and concept nodes 1304. Moreover, although this disclosuredescribes edges between a user node 1302 and a concept node 1304representing a single relationship, this disclosure contemplates edgesbetween a user node 1302 and a concept node 1304 representing one ormore relationships. As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge1306 may represent both that a user likes and has used at a particularconcept. Alternatively, another edge 1306 may represent each type ofrelationship (or multiples of a single relationship) between a user node1302 and a concept node 1304 (as illustrated in FIG. 13 between usernode 1302 for user “E” and concept node 1304 for “SPOTIFY”).

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may create anedge 1306 between a user node 1302 and a concept node 1304 in socialgraph 1300. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user viewing aconcept-profile page (such as, for example, by using a web browser or aspecial-purpose application hosted by the user's client device 1206) mayindicate that he or she likes the concept represented by the conceptnode 1304 by clicking or selecting a “Like” icon, which may cause theuser's client device 1206 to send to social networking system 1202 amessage indicating the user's liking of the concept associated with theconcept-profile page. In response to the message, social networkingsystem 1202 may create an edge 1306 between user node 1302 associatedwith the user and concept node 1304, as illustrated by “like” edge 1306between the user and concept node 1304. In particular embodiments,social networking system 1202 may store an edge 1306 in one or more datastores. In particular embodiments, an edge 1306 may be automaticallyformed by social networking system 1202 in response to a particular useraction. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first useruploads a picture, watches a movie, or listens to a song, an edge 1306may be formed between user node 1302 corresponding to the first user andconcept nodes 1304 corresponding to those concepts. Although thisdisclosure describes forming particular edges 1306 in particularmanners, this disclosure contemplates forming any suitable edges 1306 inany suitable manner.

In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be text (which may beHTML-linked), one or more images (which may be HTML-linked), one or morevideos, audio, one or more ADOBE FLASH files, a suitable combination ofthese, or any other suitable advertisement in any suitable digitalformat presented on one or more webpages, in one or more e-mails, or inconnection with search results requested by a user. In addition or as analternative, an advertisement may be one or more sponsored stories(e.g., a news-feed or ticker item on social networking system 1202). Asponsored story may be a social action by a user (such as “liking” apage, “liking” or commenting on a post on a page, RSVPing to an eventassociated with a page, voting on a question posted on a page, checkingin to a place, using an application or playing a game, or “liking” orsharing a website) that an advertiser promotes, for example, by havingthe social action presented within a pre-determined area of a profilepage of a user or other page, presented with additional informationassociated with the advertiser, bumped up or otherwise highlightedwithin news feeds or tickers of other users, or otherwise promoted. Theadvertiser may pay to have the social action promoted. As an example andnot by way of limitation, advertisements may be included among thesearch results of a search-results page, where sponsored content ispromoted over non-sponsored content.

In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be requested for displaywithin social-networking-system webpages, third-party webpages, or otherpages. An advertisement may be displayed in a dedicated portion of apage, such as in a banner area at the top of the page, in a column atthe side of the page, in a GUI of the page, in a pop-up window, in adrop-down menu, in an input field of the page, over the top of contentof the page, or elsewhere with respect to the page. In addition or as analternative, an advertisement may be displayed within an application. Anadvertisement may be displayed within dedicated pages, requiring theuser to interact with or watch the advertisement before the user mayaccess a page or utilize an application. The user may, for example viewthe advertisement through a web browser.

A user may interact with an advertisement in any suitable manner. Theuser may click or otherwise select the advertisement. By selecting theadvertisement, the user may be directed to (or a browser or otherapplication being used by the user) a page associated with theadvertisement. At the page associated with the advertisement, the usermay take additional actions, such as purchasing a product or serviceassociated with the advertisement, receiving information associated withthe advertisement, or subscribing to a newsletter associated with theadvertisement. An advertisement with audio or video may be played byselecting a component of the advertisement (like a “play button”).Alternatively, by selecting the advertisement, social networking system1202 may execute or modify a particular action of the user.

An advertisement may also include social-networking-system functionalitythat a user may interact with. As an example and not by way oflimitation, an advertisement may enable a user to “like” or otherwiseendorse the advertisement by selecting an icon or link associated withendorsement. As another example and not by way of limitation, anadvertisement may enable a user to search (e.g., by executing a query)for content related to the advertiser. Similarly, a user may share theadvertisement with another user (e.g., through social networking system1202) or RSVP (e.g., through social networking system 1202) to an eventassociated with the advertisement. In addition or as an alternative, anadvertisement may include social-networking-system context directed tothe user. As an example and not by way of limitation, an advertisementmay display information about a friend of the user within socialnetworking system 1202 who has taken an action associated with thesubject matter of the advertisement.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may determinethe social-graph affinity (which may be referred to herein as“affinity”) of various social-graph entities for each other. Affinitymay represent the strength of a relationship or level of interestbetween particular objects associated with the online social network,such as users, concepts, content, actions, advertisements, other objectsassociated with the online social network, or any suitable combinationthereof. Affinity may also be determined with respect to objectsassociated with third-party systems 1208 or other suitable systems. Anoverall affinity for a social-graph entity for each user, subjectmatter, or type of content may be established. The overall affinity maychange based on continued monitoring of the actions or relationshipsassociated with the social-graph entity. Although this disclosuredescribes determining particular affinities in a particular manner, thisdisclosure contemplates determining any suitable affinities in anysuitable manner.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may measure orquantify social-graph affinity using an affinity coefficient (which maybe referred to herein as “coefficient”). The coefficient may representor quantify the strength of a relationship between particular objectsassociated with the online social network. The coefficient may alsorepresent a probability or function that measures a predictedprobability that a user will perform a particular action based on theuser's interest in the action. In this way, a user's future actions maybe predicted based on the user's prior actions, where the coefficientmay be calculated at least in part a the history of the user's actions.Coefficients may be used to predict any number of actions, which may bewithin or outside of the online social network. As an example and not byway of limitation, these actions may include various types ofcommunications, such as sending messages, posting content, or commentingon content; various types of a observation actions, such as accessing orviewing profile pages, media, or other suitable content; various typesof coincidence information about two or more social-graph entities, suchas being in the same group, tagged in the same photograph, checked-in atthe same location, or attending the same event; or other suitableactions. Although this disclosure describes measuring affinity in aparticular manner, this disclosure contemplates measuring affinity inany suitable manner.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may use avariety of factors to calculate a coefficient. These factors mayinclude, for example, user actions, types of relationships betweenobjects, location information, other suitable factors, or anycombination thereof. In particular embodiments, different factors may beweighted differently when calculating the coefficient. The weights foreach factor may be static or the weights may change according to, forexample, the user, the type of relationship, the type of action, theuser's location, and so forth. Ratings for the factors may be combinedaccording to their weights to determine an overall coefficient for theuser. As an example and not by way of limitation, particular useractions may be assigned both a rating and a weight while a relationshipassociated with the particular user action is assigned a rating and acorrelating weight (e.g., so the weights total 250%). To calculate thecoefficient of a user towards a particular object, the rating assignedto the user's actions may comprise, for example, 60% of the overallcoefficient, while the relationship between the user and the object maycomprise 40% of the overall coefficient. In particular embodiments, thesocial networking system 1202 may consider a variety of variables whendetermining weights for various factors used to calculate a coefficient,such as, for example, the time since information was accessed, decayfactors, frequency of access, relationship to information orrelationship to the object about which information was accessed,relationship to social-graph entities connected to the object, short- orlong-term averages of user actions, user feedback, other suitablevariables, or any combination thereof. As an example and not by way oflimitation, a coefficient may include a decay factor that causes thestrength of the signal provided by particular actions to decay withtime, such that more recent actions are more relevant when calculatingthe coefficient. The ratings and weights may be continuously updatedbased on continued tracking of the actions upon which the coefficient isbased. Any type of process or algorithm may be employed for assigning,combining, averaging, and so forth the ratings for each factor and theweights assigned to the factors. In particular embodiments, socialnetworking system 1202 may determine coefficients using machine-learningalgorithms trained on historical actions and past user responses, ordata farmed from users by exposing them to various options and measuringresponses. Although this disclosure describes calculating coefficientsin a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates calculatingcoefficients in any suitable manner.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may calculate acoefficient based on a user's actions. Social networking system 1202 maymonitor such actions on the online social network, on a third-partysystem 1208, on other suitable systems, or any combination thereof. Anysuitable type of user actions may be tracked or monitored. Typical useractions include viewing profile pages, creating or posting content,interacting with content, joining groups, listing and confirmingattendance at events, checking-in at locations, liking particular pages,creating pages, and performing other tasks that facilitate socialaction. In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 maycalculate a coefficient based on the user's actions with particulartypes of content. The content may be associated with the online socialnetwork, a third-party system 1208, or another suitable system. Thecontent may include users, profile pages, posts, news stories,headlines, instant messages, chat room conversations, emails,advertisements, pictures, video, music, other suitable objects, or anycombination thereof. Social networking system 1202 may analyze a user'sactions to determine whether one or more of the actions indicate anaffinity for subject matter, content, other users, and so forth. As anexample and not by way of limitation, if a user may make frequentlyposts content related to “coffee” or variants thereof, social networkingsystem 1202 may determine the user has a high coefficient with respectto the concept “coffee.” Particular actions or types of actions may beassigned a higher weight and/or rating than other actions, which mayaffect the overall calculated coefficient. As an example and not by wayof limitation, if a first user emails a second user, the weight or therating for the action may be higher than if the first user simply viewsthe user-profile page for the second user.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may calculate acoefficient based on the type of relationship between particularobjects. Referencing the social graph 1300, social networking system1202 may analyze the number and/or type of edges 1306 connectingparticular user nodes 1302 and concept nodes 1304 when calculating acoefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, user nodes 1302that are connected by a spouse-type edge (representing that the twousers are married) may be assigned a higher coefficient than a usernodes 1302 that are connected by a friend-type edge. In other words,depending upon the weights assigned to the actions and relationships forthe particular user, the overall affinity may be determined to be higherfor content about the user's spouse than for content about the user'sfriend. In particular embodiments, the relationships a user has withanother object may affect the weights and/or the ratings of the user'sactions with respect to calculating the coefficient for that object. Asan example and not by way of limitation, if a user is tagged in firstphoto, but merely likes a second photo, social networking system 1202may determine that the user has a higher coefficient with respect to thefirst photo than the second photo because having a tagged-in-typerelationship with content may be assigned a higher weight and/or ratingthan having a like-type relationship with content. In particularembodiments, social networking system 1202 may calculate a coefficientfor a first user based on the relationship one or more second users havewith a particular object. In other words, the connections andcoefficients other users have with an object may affect the first user'scoefficient for the object. As an example and not by way of limitation,if a first user is connected to or has a high coefficient for one ormore second users, and those second users are connected to or have ahigh coefficient for a particular object, social networking system 1202may determine that the first user should also have a relatively highcoefficient for the particular object. In particular embodiments, thecoefficient may be based on the degree of separation between particularobjects. Degree of separation between any two nodes is defined as theminimum number of hops required to traverse the social graph from onenode to the other. A degree of separation between two nodes can beconsidered a measure of relatedness between the users or the conceptsrepresented by the two nodes in the social graph. For example, two usershaving user nodes that are directly connected by an edge (i.e., arefirst-degree nodes) may be described as “connected users” or “friends.”Similarly, two users having user nodes that are connected only throughanother user node (i.e., are second-degree nodes) may be described as“friends of friends.” The lower coefficient may represent the decreasinglikelihood that the first user will share an interest in content objectsof the user that is indirectly connected to the first user in the socialgraph 1300. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-graphentities that are closer in the social graph 1300 (i.e., fewer degreesof separation) may have a higher coefficient than entities that arefurther apart in the social graph 1300.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may calculate acoefficient based on location information. Objects that aregeographically closer to each other may be considered to be morerelated, or of more interest, to each other than more distant objects.In particular embodiments, the coefficient of a user towards aparticular object may be based on the proximity of the object's locationto a current location associated with the user (or the location of aclient system 1206 of the user). A first user may be more interested inother users or concepts that are closer to the first user. As an exampleand not by way of limitation, if a user is one mile from an airport andtwo miles from a gas station, social networking system 1202 maydetermine that the user has a higher coefficient for the airport thanthe gas station based on the proximity of the airport to the user.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may performparticular actions with respect to a user based on coefficientinformation. Coefficients may be used to predict whether a user willperform a particular action based on the user's interest in the action.A coefficient may be used when generating or presenting any type ofobjects to a user, such as advertisements, search results, news stories,media, messages, notifications, or other suitable objects. Thecoefficient may also be utilized to rank and order such objects, asappropriate. In this way, social networking system 1202 may provideinformation that is relevant to user's interests and currentcircumstances, increasing the likelihood that they will find suchinformation of interest. In particular embodiments, social networkingsystem 1202 may generate content based on coefficient information.Content objects may be provided or selected based on coefficientsspecific to a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, thecoefficient may be used to generate media for the user, where the usermay be presented with media for which the user has a high overallcoefficient with respect to the media object. As another example and notby way of limitation, the coefficient may be used to generateadvertisements for the user, where the user may be presented withadvertisements for which the user has a high overall coefficient withrespect to the advertised object. In particular embodiments, socialnetworking system 1202 may generate search results based on coefficientinformation. Search results for a particular user may be scored orranked based on the coefficient associated with the search results withrespect to the querying user. As an example and not by way oflimitation, search results corresponding to objects with highercoefficients may be ranked higher on a search-results page than resultscorresponding to objects having lower coefficients.

In particular embodiments, social networking system 1202 may calculate acoefficient in response to a request for a coefficient from a particularsystem or process. To predict the likely actions a user may take (or maybe the subject of) in a given situation, any process may request acalculated coefficient for a user. The request may also include a set ofweights to use for various factors used to calculate the coefficient.This request may come from a process running on the online socialnetwork, from a third-party system 1208 (e.g., via an API or othercommunication channel), or from another suitable system. In response tothe request, social networking system 1202 may calculate the coefficient(or access the coefficient information if it has previously beencalculated and stored). In particular embodiments, social networkingsystem 1202 may measure an affinity with respect to a particularprocess. Different processes (both internal and external to the onlinesocial network) may request a coefficient for a particular object or setof objects. Social networking system 1202 may provide a measure ofaffinity that is relevant to the particular process that requested themeasure of affinity. In this way, each process receives a measure ofaffinity that is tailored for the different context in which the processwill use the measure of affinity.

In connection with social-graph affinity and affinity coefficients,particular embodiments may utilize one or more systems, components,elements, functions, methods, operations, or steps disclosed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/503,093, filed Aug. 8, 2006, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/977,027, filed Dec. 22, 2010, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/978,265, filed Dec. 23, 2010, and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/632,869, field Oct. 1, 2012, each of which isincorporated by reference in their entirety.

In particular embodiments, one or more of the content objects of theonline social network may be associated with a privacy setting. Theprivacy settings (or “access settings”) for an object may be stored inany suitable manner, such as, for example, in association with theobject, in an index on an authorization server, in another suitablemanner, or any combination thereof. A privacy setting of an object mayspecify how the object (or particular information associated with anobject) can be accessed (e.g., viewed or shared) using the online socialnetwork. Where the privacy settings for an object allow a particularuser to access that object, the object may be described as being“visible” with respect to that user. As an example and not by way oflimitation, a user of the online social network may specify privacysettings for a user-profile page identify a set of users that may accessthe work experience information on the user-profile page, thus excludingother users from accessing the information. In particular embodiments,the privacy settings may specify a “blocked list” of users that shouldnot be allowed to access certain information associated with the object.In other words, the blocked list may specify one or more users orentities for which an object is not visible. As an example and not byway of limitation, a user may specify a set of users that may not accessphotos albums associated with the user, thus excluding those users fromaccessing the photo albums (while also possibly allowing certain usersnot within the set of users to access the photo albums). In particularembodiments, privacy settings may be associated with particularsocial-graph elements. Privacy settings of a social-graph element, suchas a node or an edge, may specify how the social-graph element,information associated with the social-graph element, or content objectsassociated with the social-graph element can be accessed using theonline social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, aparticular concept node 1304 corresponding to a particular photo mayhave a privacy setting specifying that the photo may only be accessed byusers tagged in the photo and their friends. In particular embodiments,privacy settings may allow users to opt in or opt out of having theiractions logged by social networking system 1202 or shared with othersystems (e.g., third-party system 1208). In particular embodiments, theprivacy settings associated with an object may specify any suitablegranularity of permitted access or denial of access. As an example andnot by way of limitation, access or denial of access may be specifiedfor particular users (e.g., only me, my roommates, and my boss), userswithin a particular degrees-of-separation (e.g., friends, orfriends-of-friends), user groups (e.g., the gaming club, my family),user networks (e.g., employees of particular employers, students oralumni of particular university), all users (“public”), no users(“private”), users of third-party systems 1208, particular applications(e.g., third-party applications, external websites), other suitableusers or entities, or any combination thereof. Although this disclosuredescribes using particular privacy settings in a particular manner, thisdisclosure contemplates using any suitable privacy settings in anysuitable manner.

In particular embodiments, one or more servers may beauthorization/privacy servers for enforcing privacy settings. Inresponse to a request from a user (or other entity) for a particularobject stored in a data store, social networking system 1202 may send arequest to the data store for the object. The request may identify theuser associated with the request and may only be sent to the user (or aclient system 1206 of the user) if the authorization server determinesthat the user is authorized to access the object based on the privacysettings associated with the object. If the requesting user is notauthorized to access the object, the authorization server may preventthe requested object from being retrieved from the data store, or mayprevent the requested object from be sent to the user. In the searchquery context, an object may only be generated as a search result if thequerying user is authorized to access the object. In other words, theobject must have a visibility that is visible to the querying user. Ifthe object has a visibility that is not visible to the user, the objectmay be excluded from the search results. Although this disclosuredescribes enforcing privacy settings in a particular manner, thisdisclosure contemplates enforcing privacy settings in any suitablemanner.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Various embodimentsand aspects of the invention(s) are described with reference to detailsdiscussed herein, and the accompanying drawings illustrate the variousembodiments. The description above and drawings are illustrative of theinvention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.Numerous specific details are described to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various embodiments of the present invention.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from its spirit or essential characteristics. The describedembodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrativeand not restrictive. For example, the methods described herein may beperformed with less or more steps/acts or the steps/acts may beperformed in differing orders. Additionally, the steps/acts describedherein may be repeated or performed in parallel with one another or inparallel with different instances of the same or similar steps/acts. Thescope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claimsrather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come withinthe meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embracedwithin their scope.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: determining contextualmeanings for a plurality of standardized image characters based on amanner in which the plurality of standardized image characters areutilized in a repository of electronic documents; analyzing digital textin an electronic communication of a client device; generating, based onanalyzing the digital text and the contextual meanings for the pluralityof standardized image characters, a suggested standardized imagecharacter corresponding to the digital text; and providing, for displayvia the client device, the suggested standardized image character. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein determining the contextual meanings forthe plurality of standardized image characters based on the manner inwhich the standardized image characters are utilized in the repositoryof electronic documents comprises utilizing a word to vector algorithmto generate vector representations of the plurality of standardizedimage characters based on the repository of electronic documents.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising generating the suggestedstandardized image character by comparing the digital text in theelectronic communication with the contextual meanings for the pluralityof standardized image characters.
 4. The method of claim 3, whereincomparing the digital text in the electronic communication with thecontextual meanings for the plurality of standardized image characterscomprises comparing a vector representation of the digital text withvector representations of the standardized image characters.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the digital text in the electroniccommunication comprises a standardized image character and furthercomprising generating the suggested standardized image character bycomparing a contextual meaning for the standardized image character witha plurality of alternate digital texts.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the digital text in the electronic communication comprises astandardized image character and additional digital text, and furthercomprising: determining a conflict between a contextual meaning for thestandardized image character and the additional digital text; andproviding a suggested replacement text based on the conflict.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the digital text in the electroniccommunication comprises a standardized image character and furthercomprising determining the suggested standardized image character bycomparing a contextual meaning of the standardized image character and acontextual meaning of the suggested standardized image character.
 8. Asystem comprising: at least one processor; and at least onenon-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to:determine contextual meanings for a plurality of standardized imagecharacters based on a manner in which the plurality of standardizedimage characters are utilized in a repository of electronic documents;analyze digital text in an electronic communication of a client device;generate, based on analyzing the digital text and the contextualmeanings for the plurality of standardized image characters, a suggestedstandardized image character corresponding to the digital text; andprovide, for display via the client device, the suggested standardizedimage character.
 9. The system of claim 8, further comprisinginstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe system to determine the contextual meanings for the plurality ofstandardized image characters based on the manner in which thestandardized image characters are utilized in the repository ofelectronic documents by utilizing a word to vector algorithm to generatevector representations of the plurality of standardized image charactersbased on the repository of electronic documents.
 10. The system of claim8, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at leastone processor, cause the system to generate the suggested standardizedimage character by comparing the digital text in the electroniccommunication with the contextual meanings for the plurality ofstandardized image characters.
 11. The system of claim 10, furthercomprising instructions that, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, cause the system to compare the digital text in theelectronic communication with the contextual meanings for the pluralityof standardized image characters by comparing a vector representation ofthe digital text with vector representations of the standardized imagecharacters.
 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the digital text in theelectronic communication comprises a standardized image character andfurther comprising instructions that, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, cause the system to generate the suggested standardized imagecharacter by comparing a contextual meaning for the standardized imagecharacter with a plurality of alternate digital texts.
 13. The system ofclaim 8, wherein the digital text in the electronic communicationcomprises a standardized image character and additional digital text,and further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at leastone processor, cause the system to: determine a conflict between acontextual meaning for the standardized image character and theadditional digital text; and provide a suggested replacement text basedon the conflict.
 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the digital text inthe electronic communication comprises a standardized image characterand further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at leastone processor, cause the system to determine the suggested standardizedimage character by comparing a contextual meaning of the standardizedimage character and a contextual meaning of the suggested standardizedimage character.
 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium storinginstructions thereon that, when executed by at least one processor,cause a computer system to: determine contextual meanings for aplurality of standardized image characters based on a manner in whichthe plurality of standardized image characters are utilized in arepository of electronic documents; analyze digital text in anelectronic communication of a client device; generate, based onanalyzing the digital text and the contextual meanings for the pluralityof standardized image characters, a suggested standardized imagecharacter corresponding to the digital text; and provide, for displayvia the client device, the standardized image character.
 16. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprisinginstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe computer system to determine the contextual meanings for theplurality of standardized image characters based on the manner in whichthe standardized image characters are utilized in the repository ofelectronic documents by utilizing a word to vector algorithm to generatevector representations of the plurality of standardized image charactersbased on the repository of electronic documents.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the computersystem to generate the suggested standardized image character bycomparing the digital text in the electronic communication with thecontextual meanings for the plurality of standardized image characters.18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, furthercomprising instructions that, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, cause the computer system to compare the digital text in theelectronic communication with the contextual meanings for the pluralityof standardized image characters by comparing a vector representation ofthe digital text with vector representations of the standardized imagecharacters.
 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15,wherein the digital text in the electronic communication comprises astandardized image character and further comprising instructions that,when executed by the at least one processor, cause the computer systemto generate the suggested standardized image character by comparing thecontextual meaning for the standardized image character with a pluralityof alternate digital texts.
 20. The non-transitory computer readablemedium of claim 15, wherein the digital text in the electroniccommunication comprises a standardized image character and additionaldigital text, and further comprising instructions that, when executed bythe at least one processor, cause the computer system to: determine aconflict between the contextual meaning for the standardized imagecharacter and the additional digital text; and provide the digital textsuggestion by providing a suggested replacement text based on theconflict.